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TROY

AND ITS REMAI NS;

A NARRATIVE OF RESEARCHES AND DISCOVERIES

MADE ON THE SITE OF ILIUM,

AND IN THE TROJAN PLAIN. /

By DR. HENRY SCHLIEMANN.

Translated with the Authors Sanction. EDITED

By PHILIP SMITH, B.A.,

AUTHOR OF THE 'HISTORY OF THE ANCIENT WORLD,' AND OF THE ' STUDENT'S ANCIENT HISTORY OF THE EAST.'

WITH MAP, PLANS, VIEWS, AND CUTS,

REPRESENTING 500 OBJECTS OF ANTIQUITY DISCOVERED ON THE SITE.

LONDON: JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET.

NEW YORK: SCRIBNER, WELFORD, AND ARMSTRONG.

I875.

PREFACE BY THE EDITOR.

Dr. Schliemann's original narrative of his wonderful dis- coveries on the spot marked as the site of Homer's Ilium by an unbroken tradition, from the earliest historic age of Greece, has a permanent value and interest which can scarcely be affected by the final verdict of criticism on the result of his discoveries. If he has indeed found the fire- scathed ruins of the city whose fate inspired the immortal first-fruits of Greek poetry, and brought to light many thousands of objects illustrating the race, language, and religion of her inhabitants, their wealth and civilization, their instruments and appliances for peaceful life and war ; and if, in digging out these remains, he has supplied the missing link, long testified by tradition as well as poetry, between the famous Greeks of history and their kindred in the East ; no words can describe the interest which must ever belong to the first birth of such a contribution to the history of the world. Or should we, on the other hand, in the face of all that has been revealed on the very spot of which the Greeks themselves believed that Homer sang, lean to the scepticism of the scholar who still says : — " I know as yet of one Ilion only, that is, the Ilion as sung by Homer, which is not likely to be found in the trenches of Hissarlik, but rather among the Muses who dwell on Olympus ;" even so a new interest of historic and anti- quarian curiosity would be excited by " the splendid ruins," as the same high authority rightly calls those "which

a i

IV PREFACE.

Dr. Schliemann has brought to light at Hissarlik." For what, in that case, were the four cities, whose successive layers of ruins, still marked by the fires that have passed over them in turn, are piled to the height of fifty feet above the old summit of the hill ? If not even one of them is Troy, what is the story, so like that of Troy, which belongs to them ?

" Trojag renascens alite lugubri Fortuna tristi clade iterabitur."

What is the light that is struggling to break forth from the varied mass of evidence, and the half-deciphered in- scriptions, that are still exercising the ingenuity of the most able enquirers ? Whatever may be the true and final answer to these questions — and we have had to put on record a signal proof that the most sanguine investi- gators will be content with no answer short of the truth*— the vivid narrative written by the discoverer on the spot can never lose that charm which Renan has so happily described as " la charme des origines."

The Editor may be permitted to add, what the Author might not say, that the work derives another charm from the spirit that prompted the labours which it records. It is the work of an enthusiast in a cause which, in our " practical " age, needs all the zeal of its remaining devotees, the cause of learning for its own sake. But, in this case, enthusiasm has gone hand in hand with the practical spirit in its best form. Dr. Schliemann judged rightly in pre- fixing to his first work the simple unaffected record of that discipline in adversity and self-reliance, amidst which he at once educated himself and obtained the means of gratifying his ardent desire to throw new light on the

* See the Appendix, pages 369, 370.

PREFACE. V

highest problems of antiquity, at his own expense. His readers ought to know that, besides other large contri- butions to the cause of learning, the cost of his excavations at Hissarlik alone has amounted to 10,000/. ; and this is in no sense the speculative investment of an explorer, for he has expressed the firm resolution to give azvay\\\s collection, and not to sell it.

Under this sense of the high and lasting value of Dr. Schliemann's work, the present translation has been undertaken, with the object of laying the narrative before English readers in a form considerably improved upon the original. For this object the Editor can safely say, on behalf of the Publisher and himself, that no pains and cost have been spared ; and Dr. Schliemann has contributed new materials of great value.

The original work* was published, at the beginning of this year, as an octavo volume, accompanied by a large quarto " Atlas " of 217 photographic plates, containing a Map, Plans, and Views -of the Plain of Troy, the Hill of Hissarlik, and the excavations, with representations of up- wards of 4000 objects selected from the 100,000 and more brought to light by Dr. Schliemann, which were elaborately described in the letter-press pages of the Atlas. The photographs were taken for the most part from drawings ; and Dr. Schliemann is the first to acknowledge that their

* " Trojanische Alterthiimer. Bericht iibcr die Ausgrabungen in Troja, von Dr. Heinrich Schliemann. Leipzig, in Commission bei F. A. Brockhaus, 1874." It may be convenient to state here, lest the reader should be disappointed at finding no details of the excava- tions at Hissarlik in the first year (1870), that the work of that year was merely preliminary to the systematic researches of 187 1-3. An account of that first year's work, and of the arguments which convinced Dr. Schliemann that he must search for Troy at Hissarlik and no where else, will be found in his earlier work, " Ithaquc, le Pelopoiwhe, <•/ Troie."

VI PREFACE.

execution left much to be desired. Many of his original plans and drawings have been placed at our disposal ; and an especial acknowledgment is due both to Dr. Schliemann and Monsieur Emile Burnouf, the Director of the French School at Athens, for the use of the admirable drawings of the terra-cotta whorls and balls, made by M. Burnouf and his accomplished daughter. A selection of about 200 of these objects, which are among the most interesting of Dr. Schliemann's discoveries, occupies the 32 lithographic plates at the end of this volume. With the exception of the first three Plates (XXI. -XXI 1 1.), which are copied from the Atlas, in order to give a general view of the sections of the whorls and the chief types of the patterns upon them, all the rest are engraved from M. Burnouf's drawings. They are given in the natural size, and each whorl is accom- panied by its section. The depth at which each object was found among the layers of debris is a matter of such moment (as will be seen from Dr. Schliemann's work) that the Editor felt bound to undertake the great labour of identifying each with the representation of the same object in the Atlas, where the depth is marked, to which, un- fortunately, the drawings gave no reference. The few whorls that remain unmarked with their depth have either escaped this repeated search, or are not represented in the Atlas. The elaborate descriptions of the material, style of workmanship, and supposed meanings of the patterns, which M. Burnouf has inscribed on most of his drawings, are given in the " List of Illustrations." The explanations of the patterns are, of course, offered only as conjectures, possessing the value which they derive from M. Burnouf's profound knowledge of Aryan antiquities. Some of the explanations of the patterns are Dr. Schliemann's ; and the Editor has added a few descriptions, based on a careful attempt to analyze and arrange the patterns according to

PREFACE. Vll

distinct types. Most of these types are exhibited on Plates XXII. and XXIII.

The selection of the 300 illustrations inserted in the body of the work has been a matter of no ordinary labour. One chief point, in which the present work claims to be an improvement on the original, is the exhibition of the most interesting objects in Dr. Schliemann's collection in their proper relation to the descriptions in his text. The work of selection from 4000 objects, great as was the care it required, was the smallest part of the difficulty. It is no disparagement to Dr. Schliemann to recognize the fact that, amidst his occupations at the work through the long days of spring and summer, and with little competent help save from Madame Schliemann's enthusiasm in the cause, the objects thrown on his hands from day to clay could only be arranged and depicted very imperfectly. The difficulty was greatly enhanced by a circumstance which should be noticed in following the order of Dr. Schliemann's work. It dif- fered greatly from that of his forerunners in the modern enterprise of penetrating into the mounds that cover the primeval cities of the world. When, for example, we follow Layard into the mound of Nimrud, and see how the rooms of the Assyrian palaces suddenly burst upon him, with their walls lined with sculptured and inscribed slabs, We seem almost to be reading of Aladdin's descent into the treasure-house of jewels. But Schliemann's work consisted in a series of transverse cuttings, which laid open sections of the various strata, from the present surface of the hill to the virgin soil. The work of one day would often yield objects from almost all the strata ; and each successive trench repeated the old order, more or less, from the re- mains of Greek Ilium to those of the first settlers on the hill. The marvel is that Dr. Schliemann should have been able to preserve any order at all, rather than that he was

Vlll PREFACE.

obliged to abandon the attempt in the later Plates of his Atlas (see p. 225) ; and special thanks are due for his care in continuing to note the depths of all the objects found. This has often given the clue to our search, amidst the mixed objects of a similar nature on the photographic Plates, for those which he describes in his text, where the figures referred to by Plate and Number form the exception rather than the rule. We believe that the cases in which we have failed to find objects really worth representing, or in which an object named in the text may have been wrongly identified in the Plates, are so few as in no way to affect the value of the work. How much, on the other hand, its value is increased by the style in which our illustrations have been engraved, will be best seen by a comparison with the photographic Plates. It should be added that the present work contains all the illustrations that are now generally accessible, as the Atlas is out of print, and the negatives are understood to be past further use.

Twelve of the views (Plates II., Ill, IV, V, VI, VII. A and B, IX, X, XI. A and B, and XII, besides the Great Altar, No. 188) were engraved by Mr. Whymper ; all the other views and cuts by Mr. James D. Cooper; and the lithographed map, plans, and plates of whorls and balls by Messrs. Cooper and Hodson. In the description appended to each engraving all that is valuable in the letter-press to the Atlas has been incorporated, and the depth at which the object was found is added. Some further descriptions of the Plates are given in the " List of Illustrations."

The text of Dr. Schliemann's work has been translated by Miss L. Dora Schmitz, and revised throughout by the Editor. The object kept in view has been a faithful rendering of the Memoirs, in all the freshness due to their composition on the spot during the progress of the work. That mode of composition, it is true, involved not a few of

PREFACE. IX

those mistakes and contradictions on matters of opinion, due to the novelty and the rapid progress of the discoveries, which Dr. Schliemann has confessed and explained at the opening of his work (see p. 12). To have attempted a systematic correction and harmonizing of such discre- pancies would have deprived the work of all its freshness, and of much of its value as a series of landmarks in the history of Dr. Schliemann's researches, from his first firm conviction that Troy was to be sought in the Hill of Hissarlik, to his discovery of the " Scaean Gate " and the " Treasure of Priam." The Author's final conclusions are summed up by himself in the " Introduction ;" and the Editor has thought it enough to add to those state- ments, which seemed likely to mislead the reader for a time, references to the places where the correction may be found. On one point he has ventured a little further. All the earlier chapters are affected by the opinion, that the lowest remains on the native rock were those of the Homeric Troy, which Dr. Schliemann afterwards recog- nized in the stratum next above. To avoid perpetual reference to this change of opinion, the Editor has sometimes omitted or toned down the words " Troy " and " Trojan " as applied to the lowest stratum, and, both in the " Contents " and running titles, and in the descriptions of the Illus- trations, he has throughout applied those terms to the discoveries in the second stratum, in accordance with Dr. Schliemann's ultimate conclusion.

In a very few cases the Editor has ventured to correct what seemed to him positive errors.* He has not deemed it any part of his duty to discuss the Author's opinions or to review his conclusions. He has, however, taken such

* Several misprints and wrong references in the original have been corrected. For the correction respecting the debris at Jerusalem (note to p. 218), the Editor is indebted to his friend Mr. George Grove.

X PREFACE.

opportunities as suggested themselves, to set Dr.Schliemann's statements in a clearer light by a few illustrative annota- tions. Among the rest, the chief passages cited from Homer are quoted in full, with Lord Derby's translation, and others have been added (out of many more which have been noted), as suggesting remarkable coincidences with the objects found by Dr. Schliemann.

From the manner in which the work was composed, and the great importance attached by Dr. Schliemann to some leading points of his argument, it was inevitable that there should be some repetitions, both in the Memoirs themselves, and between them and the Introduction. These the Editor has rather endeavoured to abridge than completelv to remove. To have expunged them from the Memoirs would have deprived these of much of the interest resulting from the discussions which arose out of the discoveries in their first freshness ; to have omitted them from the Introduction would have marred the com- pleteness of the Author's summary of his results. The few repetitions left standing are a fair measure of the importance which the Author assigns to the points thus insisted on. A very few passages have been omitted for reasons that would be evident on a reference to the original; but none of these omissions affect a single point in Dr. Schliemann's discoveries.

The measures, which Dr. Schliemann gives with the minutest care throughout his work, have been preserved and converted from the French metric standard into English measures. This has been done with great care, though in such constant conversion some errors must of course have crept in ; and approximate numbers have often been given to avoid the awkwardness of fractions, where minute accuracy seemed needless. In man}- cases both the French and English measures are given, not only

PREFACE. XI

because Dr. Schliemann gives both (as he often does), but for another sufficient reason. A chief key to the signifi- cance of the discoveries is found in the depths of the successive strata of remains, which are exhibited in the form of a diagram on page 10. The numbers which express these in Meters * are so constantly used by Dr. Schliemann, and are so much simpler than the English equivalents, that they have been kept as a sort of " memory key " to the strata of remains. For the like reason, and for simplicity-sake, the depths appended to the Illustrations are given in meters only. The Table of French and English Measures on page $6 will enable the reader to check our conversions and to make his own. The Editor has added an Appendix, explaining briefly the present state of the deeply interesting question concerning the Inscrip- tions which have been traced on some of the objects found by Dr. Schliemann.

With these explanations the Editor might be content to leave the work to the judgment of scholars and of the great body of educated persons, who have happily been brought up in the knowledge and love of Homer's glorious poetry, " the tale of Troy divine," and of

" Immortal Greece, dear land of glorious lays."

Long may it be before such training is denied to the imagination of the young, whether on the low utilitarian ground, or on the more specious and dangerous plea of making it the select possession of the few who can acquire it " thoroughly " :

N^ioi, ovk MKxcriv ocra) it\4ov rjfXLcrv ttcwtos-

To attempt a discussion of the results of Dr. Schlie-

* The Anglicized form of the word is used as a matter of common sense and convenience. Dr. Schliemann does the same in German.

Xli PREFACE.

mann's discoveries would be alike beyond the province of an Editor, and premature in the present state of the investigation. The criticisms called forth both in England and on the Continent, during the one year that has elapsed since the publication of the work, are an earnest of the more than ten years' duration of that new War of Troy for which it has given the signal. The English reader may obtain some idea of the points that have been brought under discussion by turning over the file of the "Academy" for the year, not to speak of many reviews of Schliemann's work in other periodicals and papers. With- out plunging into these varied discussions, it may be well to indicate briefly certain points that have been established, some lines of research that have been opened, and some false issues that need to be avoided.

First of all, the integrity of Dr. Schliemann in the whole matter — of which his self-sacrificing spirit might surely have been a sufficient pledge — and the genuineness of his discoveries, are beyond all suspicion. We have, indeed, never seen them called in question, except in what appears to be an effusion of spite from a Greek, who seems to envy a German his discoveries on the Greek ground which Greeks have neglected for fifteen centuries.* In addition to the consent of scholars, the genuineness and high antiquity of the objects in Dr. Schliemann's collection have been specially attested by so competent a judge as Mr. Charles Newton, of the British Museum, who went to Athens for the express purpose of examining them.f

* See the Letter of Mr. S. Comnos in the Athenceum of August 8th, and the Answer of Dr. Schliemann in the Academy of November 7th.

[874.

t See Mr. Newton's Report, and the discussion thereupon, in the Academy of February 14th, 1874, and in the ' Transactions of the Society of Antiquaries.'

PREFACE. Xlll

A letter by Mr. Frank Calvert, who is so honourably mentioned in the work, deserves special notice for the implied testimony which it bears to Dr. Schliemann's good faith, while strongly criticising some of his statements.*

Among the false issues raised in the discussion, one most to be avoided is the making the value of Dr. Schlie- mann's discoveries dependent on the question of the site of Troy as determined by the data furnished by the Iliad. The position is common to Schliemann and his adverse critics, that Homer never saw the city of whose fate he sang; — because, says Schliemann, it had long been buried beneath its own ashes and the cities, or the ruins of the cities, built above it ; — because, say the objectors, Homer created a Troy of his own imagination. The former existence and site of Troy were known to Homer — says Schliemann — by the unbroken tradition belonging to the spot where the Greek colonists founded the city which they called by the same name as, and believed to be the true successor of, the Homeric Ilium. Of this, it is replied, we know nothing, and we have no other guide to Homer s Troy save the data of the Iliad. Be it so ; and if those data really point to Hissarlik — as was the universal opinion of antiquity, till a sceptical grammarian invented another site, which all scholars now reject — as was also the opinion of modern scholars, till the new site of Bunarbashi was invented by Lechevalier to suit the Iliad, and accepted by many critics, but rejected by others, including the high authority of Grote — then the conclusion is irresistible, that Schliemann has found the Troy of which Homer had heard through the lasting report of poetic fame : 'H/^ets Se

* The Athenceum, November 7th, 1874. Some of Mr. Calvert's corrections seem of importance, but we have not felt it right to use them in the absence of the reply which Dr. Schliemann will doubtless make, as he has done to his other critics.

XIV PREFACE.

kXco9 olov cLKovojxev* But the corresponding negative does not follow ; for, if Homer's Troy was but a city built in the ethereal region of his fancy, his placing it at Bunarbashi, or on any other spot, could not affect the lost site of the true Troy, if such a city ever existed, and therefore can be no objection to the argument, that the discovery of an ancient city on the traditional site of the heroic Troy confirms the truth of the tradition on both points — the real existence of the city, as well as its existence on this site. The paradox— that Troy never existed and that Bunarbashi was its site — was so far confirmed by Schliemann that he dug at Bunarbashi, and found clear evidence that the idea of a great city having ever stood there is a mere imagination. The few remains of walls, that were found there, confirm instead of weakening the negative conclusion; for they are as utterly inadequate to be the remains of the " great, sacred, wealthy Ilium," as they are suitable to the little town of Gergis, with which they are now identified by an inscription. In short, that the real city of Troy could not have stood at Bunarbashi, is one of the most certain results of Schliemann's researches.

The same sure test of downright digging has finally disposed of all the other suggested sites, leaving by the " method of exhaustion " the inevitable conclusion, that the only great city (or succession of cities), that we know to have existed in the Troad before the historic Grecian colony of Ilium, rose and perished — as the Greeks of Ilium always said it did — on the ground beneath their feet, upon

* Iliad, II. 486. See the full quotation at p. 346. Professor Max Muller quotes the same passage in favour of the non-reality of Homer's Troy ; but surely the kAcos aKovofxev implies a positivet tradition, and the ou'Se ti I8fj.€v confesses ignorance of details cnly. Are Homer's Hellespont, and his Plain of Troy, watered by the Scamander and Simoiis, also " to be sought rather among the Muses who dwell on ( Mympus than " about " the Hill of Hissarlik " ?

PREFACE. XV

the Hill of Hissarlik. And that Homer, or — if you please — the so-called Homeric bards, familiar with the Troad, and avowedly following tradition, should have imagined a different site, would be, at the least, very surprising. This is not the place for an analysis of the Homeric local evi- dence ; but, coming fresh from a renewed perusal of the Iliad with a view to this very question, the Editor feels bound to express the conviction that its indications, while in themselves consistent with the site of Hissarlik, can be interpreted in no other way, now that we know what that site contains.*

Standing, as it does, at the very point of junction be- tween the East and West, and in the region where we find the connecting link between the primitive Greeks of Asia and Europe,f tne Hill °f Hissarlik answers at once to the primitive type of a Greek city, and to the present condition of the primeval capitals of the East. Like so many of the first, in Greece, Asia Minor, and Italy, the old city was a hill-fort, an Acropolis built near but not close upon the sea, in a situation suited at once for defence against the neighbouring barbarians, and for the prosecution of that commerce, whether by its own maritime enterprise, or by intercourse with foreign voyagers,- of which the copper, ivory, and other objects from the ruins furnish decisive

* The excellent dissertation by Dr. Eckenbrecher, to which Schlie- mann refers at page 46, has just been republished in a revised edition, " Die Lage des Homerischen Troja, von Dr. Gustav von Ecken- brecher." With 2 Maps and a View of Hissarlik, 1875. The Author has purposely kept his argument in favour of the site at Hissarlik, from Homer and the later classical writers, distinct from what he distinctly accepts as its confirmation by Schliemann's discoveries.

t See the remarks on this point in the Appendix, p. 364. Lest the views here indicated should seem to be at variance with the frequent use of the term " pre-Hellenic " throughout this work, it may be well to explain, once for all, that " pre-Hellenic " is to be taken as signifying nothing else than "before the occupation of the site by the people of the historical Greek Ilium."

XVI PREFACE.

proofs.* This type is as conspicuously wanting at Bunar- bashi, as it is well marked by the site of Hissarlik.

Like the other great oriental capitals of the Old World, the present condition of Troy is that of a mound, such as those in the plain of the Tigris and Euphrates, offering for ages the invitation to research, which has only been accepted and rewarded in our own day. The resemblance is so striking, as to raise a strong presumption that, as the mounds of Nimrud and Kouyunjik, of Khorsabad and Hillah, have been found to contain the palaces of the Assyrian and Babylonian kings, so we may accept the ruins found in the mound of Hissarlik as those of the capital of that primeval empire in Asia Minor, which is indicated by the Homeric tradition, and proved to have been a reality by the Egyptian monuments.^

This parallel seems to throw some light on a question, concerning which Dr. Schliemann is forced to a result which disappointed himself, and does not appear satis- factory to us — that of the magnitude of Troy. As the mounds opened by Layard and his fellow labourers con- tained only the "royal quarters," which towered above the rude buildings of cities the magnitude of which is attested by abundant proofs, so it is reasonable to believe that the ruins at Hissarlik are those of the royal quarter, the only

* The Phrygians (of which race the Trojans were a branch) are among the nations mentioned as having held in succession the supre- macy at sea {OaXacraoKparla).

t The evidence of the Egyptian monuments to the power of Troy, and the bearing of that evidence on the date of the remains at Hissarlik, are among the subjects which we must refrain from discussing, as both too large and as yet too imperfectly investigated. It must suffice at present to refer to the letters by M. Francois Lenormaxt in the Academy for March 21st and March 28th, 1874, and to the two articles in the Contemporary Review for June and July, 1874, which it is under- stood that Mr. Gladstone is about to republish under the title of '■Homer and Egypt; a Contribution towards determining the Place of Homer in Chronology.'

PREFACE XVU

really permanent part of the city, built on the hill capping the lower plateau which lifted the huts of the common people above the marshes and inundations of the Scaman- der and the Simois. In both cases the fragile dwellings of the multitude have perished ; and the pottery and other remains, which were left on the surface of the plateau of Ilium, would naturally be cleared away by the succeeding settlers. Instead, therefore, of supposing with Schliemann, that Homer's poetical exaggeration invented the " Per- gamus," we would rather say that he exalted the mean dwellings that clustered about the Pergamus into the "well- built city" with her "wide streets."

We cannot sympathize with the sentimental objection that, in proportion as the conviction grows that the Troy of Homer has been found, his poetry is brought down from the heights of pure imagination. Epic Poetry, the very essence of which is narrative, has always achieved its noblest triumphs in celebrating events which were at least believed to be real, not in the invention of incidents and deeds purely imaginary. The most resolute deniers of any historic basis for the story of Troy will admit that neither the scene nor the chief actors were invented by Homer, or, if you please, the Homeric poets, who assuredly believed the truth of the traditions to which the Iliad gave an immortal form. Any discovery which verifies that belief strengthens the foundation without impairing the superstructure, and adds the interest of truthfulness to those poetic beauties which remain the pure creation of Homer.

Leaving the Homeric bearings of the question to the discussion of which no speedy end can be anticipated, all are agreed that Dr. Schliemann's discoveries have added immensely to that growing mass of evidence which is tend- ing to solve one of the most interesting problems in the history of the world, the connection between the East and

b

XV1U PREFACE.

West, especially with regard to the spread of Aryan civi- lization.* Two points are becoming clearer every day, the early existence of members of the Greek race on the shores of Asia, and the essential truth of those traditions about the Oriental influence on Greek civilization, which, within our own remembrance, have passed through the stages of uncritical acceptance, hypercritical rejection, and discriminating belief founded on sure evidence.

It would seem as if Troy, familiar to our childhood as the point of contact in poetry between the East and West, were reappearing in the science of archaeology as a link between the eastern and western branches of the antiquities of the great Aryan family, extending its influence to our own island in another sense than the legend of Brute the Trojan. How great an increase of light may soon be expected from the deciphering of the Inscriptions found at Hissarlik may be inferred, in part, from the brief account, in the Appen- dix, of the progress thus far made. In fine, few dissentients will be found from the judgment of a not too favourable critic, that " Dr. Schliemann, in spite of his over-great en- thusiasm, has done the world an incalculable

service.'"' f

The decipherment of the inscriptions will probably go far to determine the curious question of the use of the terra-cotta whorls, found in such numbers in all the four pre-Hellenic strata of remains at Hissarlik. That they had

* Those desirous of pursuing this study from its fountain-head may- consult, besides the works quoted by Dr. Schliemann, Spiegel's ' Iranian Antiquities' (Eranische Alterthumskunde, Vols. I. and II., Leipzig, 187 1,

1873)-

t Professor Van Benschoten's ' Remarks on Dr. Schliemann's Dis- coveries,' in the ' Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Session of the American Philological Association, held at Hartford, July 1874.' We have been pleased to find this testimony, while correcting this sheet for press, in the Academy for January 9th. 1875.

PREFACE. XIX

some practical purpose may be inferred both from this very abundance, and from the occurrence of similar objects among the remains of various early races. Besides the examples given by Dr. Schliemann, they have been found in various parts of our own island, and especially in Scot- land, but always (we believe) without decorations. On the other hand, the Aryan emblems and the inscriptions * marked upon them would seem to show that they were applied to, if not originally designed for, some higher use. It seems quite natural for a simple and religious race, such as the early Aryans certainly were, to stamp religious emblems and sentences on objects in daily use, and then to consecrate them as ex voto offerings, according to Dr. Schliemann's suggestion. The astronomical significance, which Schliemann finds in many of the whorls, is unmis- takeable in most of the terra-cotta balls ; and this seems to furnish evidence that the people who made them had some acquaintance, at least, with the astronomical science of Babylonia.

The keen discussion provoked by Dr. Schliemann's novel explanation of the 64a yXavKcoms 'Adijvr) might be left " a pretty quarrel as it stands," f did there not appear to be a key of which neither party has made sufficient use. The symbolism, which embodied divine attributes in animal forms, belonged unquestionably to an early form of the Greek religion, as well as to the Egyptian and Assyrian.^

* Had the first conclusions of Haug and Gomperz remained good, we should have had the very significant evidence that all the inscriptions were in the nature of dedications or invocations ; but of course this question must now be held in suspense.

| See Max Muller's Review of Schliemann in the Academy, Jan. ioth, 1874, p. 39; Schliemann's Reply, entitled 'Hera Boopis and Athene' Glaukopis,' Ibid. Nov. 21st, 1874, p. 563, and Max Muller's Rejoinder, Ibid. Nov. 24th, p. 585.

± On the whole subject of this symbolism see the recent work of Professor Conze on the ' Figures of Heroes and Gods ' {Heroen- mid

b 1

xx PREFACE.

The ram-headed Amnion, the hawk-headed Ra, the eagle- headed Nisroch, form exact precedents for an owl-headed Athena, a personation which may very well have passed into the slighter forms of owl-faced, owl-eyed, bright-eyed. Indeed, we see no other explanation of the constant con- nection of the owl with the goddess, which survived to the most perfect age of Greek sculpture. The question is not to be decided by an etymological analysis of the sense of yXavKWTTLs in the Greek writers, long after the old sym- bolism had been forgotten, nor even by the sense which Homer may have attached to the word in his own mind. One of the most striking characters of his language is his use of fixed epithets ; and he might very well have inherited the title of the tutelar goddess of the Ionian race with the rest of his stock of traditions. I f ykavKonri^ were merely a common attributive, signifying " bright-eyed," it is very remarkable that Homer should never apply it to mortal women, or to any goddess save Athena. We are express- ing no opinion upon the accuracy of Schliemann's identi- fication in every case ; but the rudeness of many of his " owl-faced idols " is no stumbling-block, for the oldest and rudest sacred images were held in lasting and peculiar reve- rence. The Ephesian image of Artemis, " which fell down from Jove," is a case parallel to what the " Palladium " of Ilium may have been.

The ethnological interpretation of the four strata of remains at Hissarlik is another of the questions which it would be premature to discuss ; but a passing reference

Gotter-Gestalteri), He shows that the symbol preceded the image, two things which have been confounded in the discussion. A fuller illustra- tion may be obtained from the use of animals in the armorial devices of the Greeks, which has been recently discussed by Professor Curtius in a paper contributed to the Berlin Academy of Science. He believes that the practice came originallv from Assyria, so that Troy would be on the route.

PREFACE. XXI

may be allowed to their very remarkable correspondence with the traditions relating to the site. First, Homer re- cognizes a city which preceded the Ilium of Priam, and which had been destroyed by Hercules ; and Schliemann found a primeval city, of considerable civilization, on the native rock, below the ruins which he regards as the Homeric Troy. Tradition speaks of a Phrygian population, of which the Trojans were a branch, as having apparently displaced, and driven over into Europe, the kindred Pelas- gians. Above the second stratum are the remains of a third city, which, in the type and patterns of its terra- cottas, instruments, .and ornaments, shows a close resem- blance to the second; and the link of connection is rivetted by the inscriptions in the same character in both strata. And so, in the Homeric poems, every reader is struck with the common bonds of genealogy and language, traditions and mutual intercourse, religion and manners, between the Greeks who assail Troy and the Trojans who defend it. If the legend of the Trojan War preserves the tradition of a real conquest of the city by a kindred race, the very nature of the case forbids us to accept literally the story, that the conquerors simply sailed away again.* It is far more rea- sonable to regard the ten years of the War, and the ten years of the Return of the Chiefs (NoVtoi) as cycles of ethnic struggles, the details of which had been sublimed into poetical traditions. The fact, that Schliemann traces in the third stratum a civilization lower than in the second, is an objection only from the point of view of our classical prepossessions. There are not wanting indications in

* While writing this, we remember (though without the means of verification at hand) that Niebuhr maintains the same view in his ' Lectures on Ancient History ' ; and it is confirmed by the tradition among the yEolians of the Troad, that Agamemnon was the founder of their colony (ktutt,^).

XXli PREFACE.

Homer (as Curtius, among others, has pointed out) that the Trojans were more civilized and wealthy than the Greeks ; and in the much earlier age, to which the con- flict— if real at all — must have belonged, we may be sure that the Asiatic people had over their European kindred an advantage which we may venture to symbolize by the golden arms of Glaucus and the brazen arms of Diomed (Homer, Iliad, YL 13$, 2,36). Xanthus, the old historian of Lydia, preserves the tradition of a reflux migration of Phrvgians from Europe into Asia, after the Trojan War, and says that they conquered Troy and settled in its territory. This migration is ascribed to the pressure of the barbarian Thracians ; and the fourth stratum, with its traces of merely wooden buildings, and other marks of a lower stage of civilization, corresponds to that conquest of the Troad by those same barbarian Thracians, the tradition of which is preserved by Herodotus and other writers. The primitive dwellings of those races in Thrace still furnish the flint implements, which are most abundant in the fourth stratum at Hissarlik.

The extremely interesting concurrence of instruments of stone with those of copper (or bronze, see p. 361) in all the four strata at Hissarlik, may be illustrated by a case which has fallen under our notice while dismissing this sheet for press. A mound recently opened at the Bocenos, near Carnac (in the Morbihan), has disclosed the remains of a Gallic house, of the second century of our era, in which flint implements were found, intermixed with pottery of va- rious styles, from the most primitive to the finest examples of native Gallic art, and among all these objects was a terra- cotta head of the Venus Anadyomene* Such facts as

See the Academy, Jan. 9th, (875.

PREFACE. XX111

these furnish a caution against the too hasty application of the theory of the Ages of Stone, Bronze, and Iron.

Another illustration is worth adding of the persistence of the forms of objects in common use in the same region. (See p. 47.) Mr. Davis, in his recently published travels in Asia Minor,* describes a wooden vessel for carrying water, which he saw at Hierapolis, in Phrygia, of the very same form as the crown-handled vase-covers of terra-cotta found in such numbers by Schliemann (see pp. 25, 48, 86, 95, &c). "They are made of a section of the pine : the inside is hollowed from below, and the bottom is closed by another piece of wood exactly fitted into it." The two drawings given by Mr. Davis closely resemble our cut, No. 51, p. 86.

Our last letter from Dr. Schliemann announced the approaching termination of his lawsuit with the Turkish Government, arising out of the dispute referred to in the 'Introduction' (p. 52). The collection has been valued by two experts ; and Dr. Schliemann satisfies the demand of the Turkish Government by a payment in cash, and an engagement to continue the excavations in Troy for three or four months for the benefit of the Imperial Museum at Constantinople. We rejoice that he has not " closed the excavations at Hissarlik for ever" (see p. 356), and wait to see what new discoveries may equal or surpass those of the "Scaean Gates," the "Palace," and the "Treasure of Priam."

Meanwhile, as the use of so mythical a name as that of Troy's last king has furnished a special butt for critical scorn, it seems due to Dr. Schliemann to quote his reason for retaining it: — f

* • Anatolica ; or the Journal of a Visit to some of the ancient Ruined Cities of Caria, Phrygia, Lycia, and Pisidia. By the Rev. E. J. Davis, H.B.M.'s Consular Chaplain, Alexandria, 1874.' Page 101.

t The Academy, Nov. 7th, 1874.

XXIV PREFACE.

" I identify with the Homeric Ilion the city second in succession from the virgin soil, because only in that city were used the Great Tower, the great Circuit Wall, the great Double Gate, and the ancient palace of the chief or king, whom I call Priam, because he is called so by the tradition of which Homer is the echo ; but as soon as it is proved that Homer and the tradition were wrong, and that Troy's last king was called ' Smith,' I shall at once call him so." Those who believe Troy to be a myth and Priam a shadow as unsubstantial as the shape, whose head

" The likeness of a kingly crown had on,"

need not grudge Schliemann the satisfaction of giving the unappropriated nominis umbra to the owner of his very substantial Treasure. The name of Priam may possiblv even yet be read on the inscriptions, as the names of the Assyrian kings have been read on theirs, or it may be an invention of the bard's ; but the name of Troy can no longer be withheld from the " splendid ruins " of the great and wealthy city which stood upon its traditional site — a city which has been sacked by enemies and burnt with fire.

PHILIP SMITH. Hampstead,

Christmas Eve, 1874.

Terra-cotta Tablets from the Greek Stratum (1-2 M.).

TABLE OF CONTENTS.

Editor's Preface ..

Autobiographical Notice of Dr. Henry Schliemann..

Diagram showing the successive Strata of Remains on the Hill

of Hissarlik Introduction Comparative Table of French Meters and English Measures ..

1	age	iii 1
	;>	10
	>?	11
	)>	56

WORK AT HISSARLIK IN 1871. CHAPTER I.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, October \%th, 1871.

The site of Ilium described — Excavations in 1870 : the City Wall of Lysi- machus — Purchase of the site and grant of a. firman — Arrival of Dr. and Madame Schliemann in 1871, and beginning of the Excavations — The Hill of Hissarlik, the Acropolis of the Greek Ilium — Search for its limits — Difficulties of the work — The great cutting on the North side — Greek coins found — Dangers from fever 57

CHAPTER II.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, October 26th, 1871.

Number of workmen — Discoveries at 2 to 4 meters deep — Greek coins ■ — Remarkable terra-cottas with small stamps, probably Ex votos — These cease, and are succeeded by the whorls — Bones of sharks, shells of mus- sels and oysters, and pottery — Three Greek Inscriptions — The splendid panoramic view from Hissarlik — The Plain of Troy and the heroic tumuli — Thymbria : Mr. Frank Calvert's Museum — The mound of Chana'i Tepe — The Scamander and its ancient bed — Valley of the Simois, and Ruins of Ophrynium 64

CHAPTER III.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, November yd, 1871.

Puzzling transitions from the "Stone Ago" to a higher civilization — The stone age reappears in force, mixed with pottery of tine workmanship, and

XXVI CONTENTS.

the whorls in great number — Conjectures as to their uses : probably Ex votos — Priapi of stone and terra-cotta : their worship brought by the primitive Aryans from Bactria — Vessels with the owl's face — Boars' tusks — Various implements and weapons of stone — Hand mill-stones — Models of canoes in terra-cotta — Whetstones — The one object of the excavations, to find Troy .. .. .. .. .. Page 75

CHAPTER IV. On the Hill of Hissarlik, November iS///, 1871.

Another passage from the Stone Age to copper implements mixed with stone

— The signs of a higher civilization increase with the depth reached — All the implements are of better workmanship — Discovery of supposed inscriptions — Further discussion of the use of the whorls — Troy still to be reached — Fine terra-cotta vessels of remarkable forms — Great numbers of stone weights and hand mill-stones — Numerous house-walls

— Construction of the great cutting — Fever and quinine — Wounds and arnica .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 81

CHAPTER V.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, November 24th, 1871.

Interruptions from Rain — Last works of the season, 1871 — The supposed ruins of Troy reached — Great blocks of stone — Engineering con- trivances— -Excavations at the "Village of the Ilians :" no traces of habitation, and none of hot springs — Results of the excavations thus far

— Review of the objects found at various depths — Structure of the lowest houses yet reached — Difficulties of the excavations — The object aimed at — Growth of the Hill of Hissarlik .. .. .. .. 90

WORK AT HISSARLIK IN 1872. CHAPTER VI.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, April $tA, 1872.

New assistants for 1872 — Cost of the excavations — Digging of the great platform on the North — Venomous snakes — A supporting buttress on the North side of the hill — Objects discovered : little idols of fine marble

— Whorls engraved with the suastika eSs and p^ — Significance of these emblems in the old Aryan religion — Their occurrence among other Aryan nations — Mentioned in old Indian literature — Illustrative quota- tion from Emile Burnouf .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 98

CHAPTER VII.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, April 2$th, 1872.

Smoking at work forbidden, and a mutiny suppressed — Progress of the great platform — Traces of sacrifices — Colossal blocks of stone belonging to great buildings — Funereal and other huge urns — Supposed traces of Assyrian art — Ancient undisturbed remains — Further discoveries of stone implements and owl-faced idols — Meaning of the epithet "yXavKco- 7riy" — Parallel of "Hpa /3.>wrty, and expected discovery of ox-headed idols .11 Myoenaj — Vases of remarkable forms — Dangers and engineering

CONTENTS. XXVll

expedients — Georgios Photidas — Extent of the Pergamus of Troy — Poisonous snakes, and the snake-weed — The whorls with the central sun, stars, the suastika, the SSma, or Tree of Life, and sacrificial altars

— The name of Mount Ida, probably brought from Bactria Page 107

CHAPTER VIII.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, May llth, 1872.

Hindrances through Greek festivals — Thickness of the layers of debris above the native rock — Date of the foundation of Troy — Impossibility of the Bunarbashi theory — Homeric epithets suitable to Hissarlik — Etymology of "iXtos, signifying probably the " fortress of the Sun " — The Aruna of the Egyptian records — Progress of the platform, and corre- sponding excavation on the south — The bulwark of Lysimachus — ■ Ruins of great buildings — Marks of civilization increasing with the depth — Vases, and fragments of great urns — A remarkable terra-cotta

— A whorl with the appearance of an inscription .. .. .. 122

CHAPTER IX. On the Hill of Hissarlik, May 2yd, 1872.

Superstition of the Greeks about saints' days — Further engineering works

— Narrow escape of six men — Ancient building on the western terrace — The ruins under this house — Old Trojan mode of building — Continued marks of higher civilization — Terra-cottas engraved with Aryan symbols : antelopes, a man in the attitude of prayer, flaming altars, hares — The symbol of the moon — Solar emblems, and rotating wheels — Remarks on former supposed inscriptions — Stone moulds for casting weapons and implements — Absence of cellars, and use of colossal jars in their stead — The quarry used for the Trojan buildings — " Un Medecin malgre lui." — Blood-letting priest-doctors — Efficacy of sea-baths ■ — ■ Ingratitude of the peasants cured — Increasing heat .. .. .. .. 131

CHAPTER X.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, June 18///, 1872.

A third platform dug — Traces of former excavations by the Turks — Block of triglyphs, with bas-relief of Apollo — Fall of an earth-wall — Plan of a trench through the whole hill — Admirable remains in the lowest stratum but one — The plain and engraved whorls — - Objects of gold, silver, copper, and ivory — Remarkable terra-cottas — The pottery of the lowest stratum quite distinct from that of the next above — Its resem- blance to the Etruscan, in quality only — Curious funereal urns — Skeleton of a six months' embryo — Other remains in the lowest stratum — Idols of tine marble, the sole exception to the superior workmanship of this stratum — The houses and palaces of the lowest stratum, of large stones joined with earth — Disappearance of the first people with the destruction of their town.

The second settlers, of a different civilization — Their buildings of unburnt brick on stone foundations — These bricks burnt by the great confla- gration— Destruction of the walls of the former settlers — Live toads

XXVlii CONTENTS.

coeval with Troy ! — Long duration of the second settlers — Their Aryan descent proved by Aryan symbols — Various forms of their pottery — Vases in the form of animals — The whorls of this stratum — Their interesting devices — Copper weapons and implements, and moulds for casting them — Terra-cotta seals — Bracelets and ear-rings, of silver, gold, and electrum — Pins, &c, of ivory and bone — Fragments of a lyre — Va- rious objects.

The /// rd stratum : the remains of an Aryan race — Hardly a trace of metal — Structure of their houses — Their stone implements and terra- cottas coarser — Various forms of pottery — Remarkable terra-cotta balls with astronomical and religious symbols — Whorls — Stone weapons — Whetstones — Hammers and instruments of diorite — A well belonging to this people — This third town destroyed with its people.

The fourth settlers: comparatively savage, but still of Aryan race — Whorls with like emblems, but of a degenerate form — Their pottery inferior, but with some curious forms — Idols of Athena — Articles of copper — Few stones — Charred remains, indicating wooden buildings — Stone weights, handmills, and knives and saws of flint — -With this people the pre- Hellenic ages end — The stone buildings and painted and plain terra- cottas of Greek Ilium — Date of the Greek colony — Signs that the old inhabitants were not extirpated — The whorls of very coarse clay and patterns — Well, and jars for water and wine — Proofs of the regular succession of nations on the hill— Reply to the arguments of M. Niko- lai'des for the site at Bunarbashi — The Simois, Thymbrius, and Sca- mander — The tomb of Ajax at In-Tepe" — Remains in it — Temple of Ajax and town of Aianteum — Tomb of Achilles and town of Achilleum — ■ Tombs of Patroclus and Antilochus — The Greek camp — The tomb of Batiea or Myrina — Further discussion of the site .. .. Page 143

CHAPTER XI.

On the Hill of Hissarlik, July i$th, 1872.

Increase of men and machinery and cost on the works : but slow progress — Continued hurricane on "the windy Ilium " ("iXios 7]vefi6eaaa) — The great platform proves too high — New cutting — Excavation of the temple — Objects found — Greek statuettes in terra-cotta — Many whorls with py and suns — Wheel-shaped whorls with simple patterns in the lowest strata — Terra-cotta balls with suns and stars — Use of the whorls as amulets or coins discussed — Little bowls, probably lamps — -Other articles of pottery — Funnels — A terra-cotta bell — Various beautiful terra-cottas — Attempts at forgery by the workmen ■ — Mode of naming the men — The springs in front of Ilium — Question of Homer's hot and cold spring — Course of the Simois — The tomb of Batiea or Myrina identified with the Pacha Te"pe — Theatre of Lysimachus — Heat and wind — Plague of insects and scorpions — Konstantinos Kolobos, a native genius without feet .. .. .. .. .. .. 184

CHAPTER XII. Pergamus of Troy, August \th, 1872.

Discover) of an ancient wall on the northern slope — Discovery oi a Tower

on the south side — Its position and construction — It js Homer's Great

CONTENTS. XXIX

Tower of Ilium — Manner of building with stones and earth — A Greek inscription — Remarkable medal of the age of CoirTmodus — Whorls found just below the surface — Terra-cottas found at small depths — Various objects found at the various depths — A skeleton, with ornaments of gold, which have been exposed to a great heat — Paucity of human remains, as the Trojans burnt their dead — No trace of pillars — Naming of the site as " Ilium " and the " Pergamus of Troy " .. .. Page 200

CHAPTER XIII. Pergamus of Troy, August \\th, 1872.

Intended cessation of the work — Further excavation of the Tower- — Layers of red ashes and calcined stones — Objects found on the Tower — Weapons, implements, and ornaments of stone, copper, and silver — Bones — ■ Pottery and vases of remarkable forms — Objects found on each side of the Tower — ■ First rain for four months — Thanks for escape from the constant dangers — Results of the excavations — The site of Homer's Troy identified with that of Greek Ilium — Error of the Bunar- bashi theory — Area of the Greek city — Depth of the accumulated debris unexampled in the world — Multitude of interesting objects brought to light — Care in making drawings of them all . . . . . . . . 212

CHAPTER XIV.

Athens, September 2%t/i, 1872.

Return to Troy to take plans and photographs — Damage to retaining walls — The unfaithfulness of the watchman — Stones carried off for a ' neighbouring church and houses — Injury by rain — Works for security during the winter — Opening up of a retaining wall on the side of the hill, probably built to support the temple of Athena — Supposed debris of that temple — Drain belonging to it — Doric style of the temple proved by the block of Triglyphs — Temple of Apollo also on the Pergamus .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..220

WORK AT HISSARLIK IN 1873. CHAPTER XV.

Pergamus of Troy, February 12nd, 1873.

Return to Hissarlik in 1873 — Interruptions by holydays and weather — Strong cold north winds — Importance of good overseers — An artist taken to draw the objects found — Want of workmen — Excavations on the site of the Temple — Blocks of Greek sculptured marble — Great increase of the hill to the east — Further portions of the great Trojan wall — Traces of fire — A terra-cotta hippopotamus, a sign of intercourse with Egypt — Idols and owl-faced vases — Vases of very curious forms — Whorls — Sling-bullets of copper and stone — Piece of ornamented ivory belonging to a musical instrument — New cutting from S.E to N.W. — Walls close below the surface — Wall of Lysimachus — Monograms on the stones — An inscription in honour of Caius Caesar — Patronage of Ilium by the Julii as the descendants of Apneas — Good wine of the Troad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 224

XXX CONTENTS.

CHAPTER XVI. Pergamus of Troy, March ist, 1S73.

Increased number of workmen — Further uncovering of the great buttress

— Traces of a supposed small temple — Objects found on its site — Terra-cotta serpents' heads : great importance attached to the serpent

— Stone implements : hammers of a peculiar form — Copper imple- ments : a sickle — Progress of the works at the south-east corner — Remains of an aqueduct from the Thymbrius — Large jars, used for cellars — Ruins of the Greek temple of Athena — Two important inscrip- tions discussed — Relations of the Greek Syrian Kings Antiochus I. and III. to Ilium .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Page 233

CHAPTER XVII.

Pergamus of Troy, March i$th, 1873.

Spring weather in the Plain of Troy — The Greek temple of Athena — Numerous fragments of sculpture — Reservoir of the temple — Excava- tion of the Tower — Difficulties of the work — Further discoveries of walls — Stone implements at small depths — Important distinction be- tween the plain and decorated whorls — Greek and Roman coins — Absence of iron — Copper nails : their peculiar forms : probably dress and hair pins : some with heads and beads of gold and electrum — Original height of the Tower — Discovery of a Greek house — Various types of whorls — Further remarks on the Greek bas-relief — It belonged to the temple of Apollo — Stones from the excavations used for building in the villages around — Fever .. .. .. .. .. .. 248

CHAPTER XVIII.

Pergamus of Troy, March 22nd, 1873. Weather and progress of the work — The lion-headed handle of a sceptre — Lions formerly in the Troad — Various objects found — Pottery — Imple- ments of stone and copper — Whorls — Balls curiously decorated- — ■ Fragments of musical instruments — Remains of house walls — The storks of the Troad .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 259

CHAPTER XIX.

Pergamus of Troy, March 29///, 1S73. Splendid vases found on the Tower — Other articles — Human skull, bones, and ashes, found in an urn — New types of whorls — Greek votive discs of diorite — Moulds of mica-schist — The smaller quantity of copper than of stone implements explained — Discussion of the objection, that stone implements are not mentioned by Homer — Reply to Mr. Calvert's article — Flint knives found in the Acropolis of Athens ■ — A narrow escape from fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266

CHAPTER XX.

Pergamus of Troy, Afril $th, 1873.

Discovery of a large house upon the Tower — Marks of a great conflagration

— Primitive Altar: its very remarkable position — Ruins of the temple

CONTENTS. XXXI

of Athena — ■ A small cellar — Skeletons of warriors with copper helmets and a lance — ■ Structure of the helmet-crests — Terra-cottas — A crucible with copper still in it — Other objects — Extreme fineness of the engravings on the whorls — Pottery — Stone implements — Copper pins and other objects .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Page 276

CHAPTER XXI.

Pergamus of Troy, April i6t/i, 1873.

Discovery of a street in the Pergamus — Three curious stone walls of different periods — Successive fortifications of the hill — Remains of ancient houses under the temple of Athena, that have suffered a great conflagration — Older house-walls below these, and a wall of fortification — Store, with the nine colossal jars — The great Altar — Objects found east of the Tower — Pottery with Egyptian hieroglyphics — Greek and other terra- cottas, &c. — Remarkable owl-vase — Handle, with an ox-head — Various very curious objects — A statue of one Metrodorus by Pytheas of Argos, with an inscription — Another Greek inscription, in honour of C. Claudius Nero .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 287

CHAPTER XXII. Pergamus of Troy, May loth, 1873.

Interruptions through festivals — Opening of the tumulus of Batiea —

— Pottery like that of the Trojan stratum at Hissarlik, and nothing else

— No trace of burial — Its age — Further discoveries of burnt Trojan houses — Proof of their successive ages — Their construction — Discovery of a double gateway, with the copper bolts of the gates — The " Sc^ean Gate "of Homer — Tests of the extent of ancient Troy — The place where Priam sat to view the Greek forces — Homer's knowledge of the Heroic Troy only traditional — Description of the gates, the walls, and the " Palace of Priam " — Vases, &c, found in Priam's house — Copper, ivory, and other implements — The SeVa dfirpiKinreWa — Houses dis- covered on the north platform — Further excavations of the city walls — Statuettes and vessels of the Greek period — Top of the Tower of Ilium uncovered, and its height determined — A curious trench in it, probably for the archers — Further excavations at Bunarbashi : only a few frag- ments of Greek pottery — The site of Ilium uninhabited since the end of the fourth century — The place confused with Alexandria Troas — No Byzantine remains at Hissarlik — Freshness of the Greek sculptures 300

CHAPTER XXIII.

Troy, June l'jth, 1873.

Further discoveries of "fortifications — The great discovery of the Treasure on the city wall — Expedient for its preservation — The articles of the Treasure described — The Shield — The Caldron — Bottle and Vases of Gold — The golden hliras d/jLcfnKVTreXXov — Modes of working the gold — A cup of electrum — Silver plates, probably the talents of Homer — Vessels of Silver — Copper lance-heads : their peculiar form — Copper battle-axes — Copper daggers — Metal articles fused together

xxxu

CONTENTS.

by the conflagration — A knife and a piece of a sword — Signs of the Treasure having been packed in a wooden chest — The key found — The Treasure probably left behind in an effort to escape — Other articles found near the Treasure — The thousands of gold jewels found in a silver vase — The two golden diadems — The car-rings, bracelets, and finger- rings — The smaller jewels of gold — Analysis of the copper articles by M. Landerer — Discovery of another room in the palace containing an inscribed stone, and curious terra-cottas — Silver dishes — Greek terra- cotta figures — Great abundance of the owl-faced vases — Limited extent of Troy — Its walls traced — Poetic exaggerations of Homer — The one great point of 'Troy's reality established — It was as large as the primitive Athens and Mycenae — The wealth and power of Troy — Great height of its houses — Probable population — Troy known to Homer only by tradition — -Question of a temple in Homer's time — Characteristics of the Trojan stratum of remains, and their difference from those of the lowest stratum — The former opinion on this point recalled — Layer of metallic scoria through the whole hill — Error of Strabo about the utter destruction of Troy — Part of the real Troy unfortunately destroyed in the earlier excavations ; but many Trojan houses brought to light since ■ — The stones of Troy not used in building other cities — Trojan houses of sun-dried bricks, except the most important buildings, which are of stones and earth — Extent and results of the excavations — Advice to future explorers — Further excavations on the north side — Very curious terra- cotta vessels — Perforated vases — A terra-cotta with hieroglyphics — Heads of oxen and horses; their probable significance — Idols of the llian Athena — Greek and Roman medals — Greek inscriptions — Final close of the excavations ; thanksgiving for freedom from serious accidents — Commendations of Nicolaus Saphyros Jannakis, and other assistants, and of the artist Polychronios Tempesis, and of the engineer Adolphe Laurent .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. Page 321

Note A. The river Dumbrek is not the Thymbrius, but the Simoi's .. 358

Note B. Table of terra-cotta weights found at Hissarlik .. .. 359

Note C. Analysis by M. Damour of some of the metallic objects

found .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..361

Appendix on the Inscriptions found at Hissarlik .. .. 363

Index 375

Comparative Table of the Illustrations in Dr. Schliemann's

Atlas and the Translation .. .. .. .. .. .. 386

Two Inscribed Whorls (5 m, and 7 m.).

Terracotta Tablets from the Greek Stratum (2 M.).

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

MAPS AND PLANS.

Map of the Plain of Troy .. .. .. End of Volume

Plan I. Ilium, the Grecian Colony . . . . . . ,,

Plan II. Ruins of Troy — General Plan of Researches made by Dr. Schliemann in 1870, 187 1, 1872, and

1873

Plan III. The Tower of Ilium and the Soean Gate Page 306

Plan IV. Troy at the Epoch of Priam, according to Dr.

Schliemann's Excavations . . . . . . . . . . 347

PLATES AND CUTS.

Plate I. View of the Hill of Hissarlik, containing the Ruins of Troy, from the North, after Dr. Schlie- mann's Excavations in 1870, 187 1, 1872, 1873 . . Frontispiece The excavation to the left is on the site of the Greek Temple of Apollo, where the splendid metope' of the Sun-God was found. Then follows the great platform and the great trench cut through the whole hill. Still further to the right is the cutting of April, 1870, in continuing which, in June, 1873, the Treasure was discovered.

Three Tablets of Terra-cotta, from the Ruins of Greek Ilium

(1-2 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

XXXIV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PACK

Two Inscribed Whorls . . . . . . . . . . . . xxxii

Three Tablets of Terracotta (2 m.) .. .. .. .. xxxiii

No. 1. Fragment of paint. \l Pottery, from the lowest stratum . . 15

No. 2. Small Trojan Axes of Diorite (8 m ) . . . . . . 21

Plate II. General View of the Treasure of Priam. . To face 22 No. 3. Inscribed Terra-cotta Vase from the Palace (8 m.) . . 23

No. 4. Inscribed Terra-cotta Seal (7 m.) . . . . . . 24

No. 5. Piece of Red Slate, perhaps a Whetstone, with an In- scription (7 m). . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

No. 6. Terra-cotta Vase Cover (8 m.) . . . . . . . . 25

No. 7. Ornamented Ivory Tube, probably a Trojan Flute (8 m.) 25

No. 8. Piece of Ivory, belonging to a Trojan Tyre with Four

Strings (about 8 m.).. . . . . . . . . . . 25

No. 9. Ornamented Piece of Ivory belonging to a Trojan Seven- stringed Lyre (7 m.) . . . . . . . . . . 27

Plate III. Block of Triglyphs, with Metope of the Sun- God. From the Temple of Apollo in the Ruins of Greek Ilium . . . . . . . . . . . . To face 32

Nos. 10, n, 12. Terra-cotta Covers of Vases, with the Owl's

Face (2, 3, and 7 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

No. 13. Terra-cotta Vase, marked with an Aryan symbol (6 m.) 35

Nos. 14-30. Rude Idols found in the various Strata (2 to 14 m.). 36 No. 31. Remarkable Trojan Terra-cotta Vase, representing the

llian Athena (9 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

No. 32. The largest of the Terra-cotta Vases found in the Royal

Palace of Troy. Height 20 inches . . . . . . . . 48

No. ^. Inscribed Trojan Vase of Terra-cotta (8^ m.) . . . . 50

No. 34. Inscription on the Vase No. 33 . . . . . . 50

No. 35. Fragment of a second painted Vase, from the Trojan

Stratum. (From a new Drawing.) . . . . . . . . 55

No. 36. A large Trojan Amphora of Terra-cotta (8 m.). . . 63

Nos. 37-39. Stamped Terra-cottas (1^-2 m.). . . . . . . 65

No. 40. Stamped Terra-cotta (2 m.) . . . . . . . . 65

Plate IV. View of the Northern Part of the Plain of

Troy, from the Hill of Hissarlik . . . . To face 70

With the ancient bed of the Scamandcr, the Tombs of Achilles and Patroclus, Cape Sigeum, the villages of Yetii-S/iehr and Kum-Kalch, the Hellespont and sEgeaji Sea, the peninsula oiGallipoli and the islands of Imbrus and Samothrace. The Tumulus of s-Esyctcs is in the central foreground, in front of the wretched little village of Kum-koi.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXV

TAGR

Plate V. View of the South-Eastern Part of the Plain

of Troy, from the Hill of Hissarlik . . To face 70

The foreground shows the excavations in the eastern part of Troy, the foundations of the Temple, and the Altar of Athena ; beyond is the village of Chiplak ; in the distance the chain of Mount Ida, capped with snow, except in July and August.

No. 41. A great mixing Vessel (fcpar^p) of Terra-cotta (7 m.). 74

Nos. 42-44. Terra-cotta Whorls (7-14 m.) . . . . . . 80

No. 45. Copper Implements and Weapons from the Trojan

stratum (8 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

No. 46. A Mould of Mica-schist for casting Copper Implements

(8 M.) 82

Nos. 47, 48, 49, 50. Stone Instruments from the Trojan stratum

(8 m.) 83

Nos. 51, 52. Trojan Terra-cottas (8 m.) . . . . . . . . 86

No. 53. Small Trojan Vase (9 m.) . . . . . . . . 87

Nos. 54, 55. Trojan Terra-cotta Vases (8 m.) . . . . . . 87

Nos. 56-61. Stone Implements of the earliest Settlers .. .. 94

No. 62. Small Trojan Vase of Terra-cotta, with Decorations .. 95

No. 63. A Trojan Vase-cover of red Terra-cotta (7 m.) . . . . 95

No. 64. A stone Implement of unknown use (2 m.) . . . . 97

No. 65. A strange Vessel of Terra-cotta (15 M.). . . . . . 97

Nos. 66, 67, 68. Trojan Sling-bullets of Loadstone (9 and 10 m.) ioi

No. 69. The Foot-print of Buddha . . . . . , . . 103

No. 70. Large Terra-cotta Vase, with the Symbols of the Ilian

Goddess (4 m.) . . . . ' . . . . . . . . 106

No. 71. A Mould of Mica-schist for casting Ornaments (14 m.) ho No. 72. Fragment of a large Urn of Terrra-cotta with Assyrian (?)

Decorations, from the Lowest Stratum (14 m.) .. .. no

No. 73. Trojan Plates found on the Tower (8 m.) . . . . 114

No. 74. Vase Cover with a human face (8 m.) . . . . . . ne

No. 75. A Whorl, with three animals (3 M.) . . . . . . i2t

No. 76. Fragment of a Vase of polished black Earthenware,

with Pattern inlaid in White (14 M.) . . . . . . . . 129

No. 77. Fragment of Terra-cotta. perhaps part of a box (16 m.) 129

No. 78. A Trojan Terra-cotta Seal (8 m.) 130

No. 78* Terra-cottas with Aryan Emblems (4 m. ; 3 m. ; 5 m.). . 130

c 2

\XXV1

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PACB

No. 79. Fragment of a brilliant dark -grey Vessel (13 m.). . . 135

No. 80. Whorl with pattern of a moving Wheel (16 \i.) .. 137

No. 81. Whorl with Symbols of Lightning (7 m.) . . . . 138 No. 82. Two fragments of a great Mould of Mica-schist for

casting Copper Weapons and Ornaments (14 M.) . . . . 139 Plate VI. Trojan Buildings on the North Side, and in the

great Trench cut through the whole Hill . . To face 143

Nos. 83-91. Objects of Metal from the Lowest Stratum . . 150

Nos. 92-101. Ivory Pins, Needles, &c. (11-15 M.) . . . . 150

Nos. 102, 103. Hand Millstones of Lava (14-16 m.) .. .. 151

No. 104. A splendid Vase with Suspension-rings (15 m.) . . 151

No. 105. Singular Double Vase (13-14 m.) .. .. .. 152

No. 106. Black Vase of Terra-cotta (14 or 15 m.) . . . . 152

No. 107. Funereal Urn of Stone, found on the Primary Rock,

with Human Ashes in it (15^ m.) . . . . . . . . 153

No. 108. a, Hand Millstone of Lava (15 m.). b, Brilliant black

Dish with side Rings for hanging it up (14 m.). c, c, c, c,

Small decorated Rings of Terra-cotta (10-14 M-) • • • • T55

No. 109. Rude Terra-cotta Idol (14 m.) . . . . . . . . 155

No. no. Fragment of Pottery, with the Sttastika (14 m.) . . 157 Nos. in, 112. Double-handled Vases of Terra-cotta, from the

Trojan Stratum (9 m.) .. .. .. .. .. 158

No. 113. A Trojan Vase in Terra-cotta of a very remarkable

form (8 m.) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 159

No. 114. Engraved Terra-cotta Vessel in the form of a Pig (or

Hedgehog?). 7 m. .. .. .. .. .. 160

No. 115. Inscribed Whorl (7 m.) . . .. .. .. .. 161

No. 116. Terra-cotta Seal (1 m.) . . . . . . . . . . 162

No. 117. A Trojan Hand Millstone of Lava (10 m.) . . . . 163

No. 118. A piece of Granite, perhaps used, by means of a wooden

Handle, as an upper Millstone (10 m.) . . . . . . 163

No. 119. A massive Hammer of Diorite (10 m.) . . . . 163

No. 120. Piece of Granite, probably used as a Pestle. From the

Lowest Stratum (1 1-16 m.) .. .. .. .. .. 163

No. 121. Idol of Athena (8 m.) a. Front ; b. Back . . . . 164

Nos. 122-124. Balls of fine red Agate (9 m.) .. .. .. 165

No. 125. A curious Terra-cotta Cup (4 m.) . . . . . . 166

No. 126. Terra-cotta Pitcher of a frequent form (6 m.) . . . . 166

No. 127. A small Terra-cotta Vase, with two Handles and three

feet (6 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXvii

PAGE

No. 128. Terra-cotta Vase of a frequent form (6 m.) .. .. 167

No. 129. Terra-cotta Vase of a form frequent at the depth of

3-5 m. 169

No. 130. Terra-cotta Vessel (4 m.) .. .. .. .. 170

No. 131. A small Terra-cotta Vase with two Rings for suspen- sion (2 m.) .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 170

Nos. 132, 133. Owl-faced Vase-covers (3 m.) .. .. .. 171

Nos. 134, 135. Two-handled Cups from the upper Stratum (2 m.) 171

No. 136. Terra-cotta Vase (2 m.) .. .. .. .. 171

No. 137. Perforated Terra-cotta (2 m.) .. .. .. .. 171

Nos. 138, 139. Deep Plates (faterce) with Rings for suspension,

placed (a) vertically or (b) horizontally (1 and 2 m.) . . 172

Nos. 140, 141. Idols of the Ilian Athena (3 m.) . . . . . . 172

No. 142. Mould in Mica-schist (2^ m.) . . . . . . . . 173

Plate VII. A. — Mound of In-Tepe, the traditional Tomb

of Ajax . . . . . . . . . . . . To face 178

Upon the mound, which stands about one-third of a mile from the Hellespont, are seen the remains of a little temple, which was restored by Hadrian. Beneath the ruins is seen a vaulted passage, built of bricks, nearly 4 feet in height and width. B. — Mound called the Tomb of Achilles.

Formerly on the sea-shore, from which it is now divided by a low strip of sand.

No. 143. Terra-cotta Ball, representing apparently the climates

of the globe (8 m.) 188

No. 144. Small Terra-cotta Vessel from the Lowest Stratum, with

four perforated feet, and one foot in the middle (14 m.) . . 190 Nos. 145, 146. Two little Funnels of Terra-cotta, inscribed with

Cyprian Letters (3 m.) .. .. .. .. .. 191

No. 147. A Trojan Humming top (7 M.) . . . . . . 192

No. 148. Terra-cotta Bell, or Clapper, or Rattle (5 m.) . . . . 192

No. 149. A Trojan decorated Vase of Terra-cotta (7 m.) . . 199

Plate VIII. The Great Tower of Ilium, from the S.E.

To face 200

No. 150. Terra-cotta Vase (7 m.) .. .. .. .. 208

No. 151. Terra-cotta Vase in the form of an Animal (10 m.) . . 208

No. 152. Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Pig (14 m.) .. 209

No. 153. Skull of a Woman, found near some gold ornaments in

the Lowest Stratum (13 m.) . . . . . . . . . . 209

XXXV111 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAG3

No. 154. Block of Limestone, with a socket, in which the pivot

of a door may have turned (12 m.) . . . . . . . . 211

No. 155. A Trojan Terra-cotta Vase, with an Ornament like

the Greek Lambda (8 M.) . . . . . . . . . . 214

No. 156. Curious Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Mole

(Tower: 7 or 8 M.) .. .. .. .. .. .. 214

No. 157. A Trojan Dish with side Rings, and Plates turned by

the Potter (Tower f 7 m) . . . . . . . . . . 215

No. 158. A curious Trojan Jug of Terra-cotta (8 M.) . . . . 219

No. 159.- Terra-cotta Image of a Hippopotamus (7 m.) . . . . 228

No. 160. Remarkable Terra-cotta \ressel in the shape of a

Bugle, with three feet (3 M.) .. .. .. .. .. 229

No. 161.. Terra-cotta Vessel with three feet, a handle, and two

ears (5 M.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229

No. 162. Terra-cotta Image of a Pig, curiously marked with

Stars (4 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232

No. 163. One of the largest marble Idols, found in the Trojan

Stratum (8 M.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

No. 164. Terra-cotta Pot-lid, with symbolical marks (6 M.) . . 235

No. 165. A curious Terra-cotta Idol of the Ilian Athena (7 m.) 235

No. 166. Pretty Terra-cotta Jug, with the neck bent back (7 m.) 236

No. 167. Remarkable Trojan Idol of Black Stone (7 M.) . . 236

Nos. 168, 169. Heads of Horned Serpents (4 M.) . . . . 237

No. 170. A Serpent's Head, with horns on both sides, and very

large eyes (6 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

No. 171. Head of an Asp in Terra-cotta (both sides) (4 m.) . . 238 No. 172. A Whorl, with rude Symbols of the Owl's Face,

Suastika, and lightning (3 m.) , , . , . . . . • 255

No. 173. Splendid Trojan Vase of Terra-cotta, representing the tutelary Goddess of Ilium, $ea yXavKCcnris 'Adr/vy. The cover forms the helmet (8 M.) . . . . . . . . . . 258

Plate IX. Upper Part of the Buildings discovered in the Depths of the Temple of Athena. In the background are seen the Altar and the Reservoir . . , . To/ace 259

No. 174. A Lion-headed Sceptre-handle of the finest crystal ;

found on the Tower (8 m.) . . . . . . . . . . 260

No. 175. A mould of Mica-schist, for casting various metal

Instruments (Tower: 8 m.) . . . . . . . . . . 261

No. 176. A curious Instrument of Copper (3 M.) .. .. 261

No. 177. A perforated and grooved piece of Mica-schist, pro- bably for supporting a Spit. Found on the Tower (8 m.) . . 261

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. XXXIX

PAGE

No. 178. A large Terra-cotta Vase, with two large Handles and

two small Handles or Rings (5 M.) . . . . . . . . 262

No. 179. A remarkable Terra-cotta Ball (6 m.) . . . . . . 264

No. 180. A finely engraved Ivory Tube, probably part of a Flute.

Found on the Tower (8 m.).. . . . . . . . . 264

No. 181. Knob for a Stick, of fine marble (3 m.) . . . . 265

No. 182. Bone handle of a Trojan Staffer Sceptre (7 m.) . . 265

No. 183. A brilliant Black Vase, with the Symbols of the Ilian

Athena, from the Tower (8 M.) . . . . . . . . 267

No. 184. Vase-cover with Handle in shape of a Coronet (8 m.) 268

No. 185. Vase-cover with a Human Face (Tower, 8 m.) . . 268

No. 186. Flat piece of Gold, in the form of an Arrow-head:

from the Tower (8 m.) . . . . . . . . . . 268

No. 187. Prettily decorated Tube of Ivory (Tower, 8 m.) . . 268

No. 188 Great Altar for Sacrifices, found in the depths of the

Temple of Athena (i-25th of the real size) . . . . . . 278

No. 189. Copper Lance of a Trojan Warrior, found beside his

Skeleton (7 m.) .. .. .. .. .. .. 279

No. 190. Skull of a Trojan Warrior, belonging to one of the two

Skeletons found in the House on the Tower (7 M.) . . 280

No. 191. The upper and lower pieces of a Trojan Helmet-crest

(</>uA.os) placed together (7 m.) . . . . . . . . 280

No. 192. Great Copper Ring, found near the Helmet-crest (7 m.) 281 No. 193. An elegant bright-red Vase of Terra-cotta, decorated

with branches and signs of lightning, with holes in the

handles and lips, for cords to hang it up by (Tower, 8 m.) . . 282 No. 194. Terra-cotta Vase. Found on the Tower (8 m.) . . 282

No. 195. Profile of a Vase-cover, with the Owl's Face and

Helmet of Athena, in brilliant red Terra-cotta. Found in

an urn on the Tower (8 m.) . . . . . . . . . . 283

No. 196. An Earthenware Crucible on four feet, still containing

some Copper. Found on the Tower (7 M.) . . . . . . 283

No. 197. Flower Saucer: the flat bottom ornamented. Found

on the Tower (8 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 284

No. 198. A piece of Terra-cotta, with two holes slightly sunk

in front like eyes, and a hole perforated from side to side

(8 m.) . . . . 285

No. 199. A remarkable Terra-cotta Vessel on three long feet,

with a handle and two small ears (7 m.) . . . . . . 285

No. 200. A beautiful bright-red Terra-cotta Box, decorated with

a + and four pjJ, and a halo of solar rays (3 m.) . . . . 286

Nos. 201, 202. Little Decorated Whorls, of a remarkable shape 286

xl LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PAGE

Plate X. The Tower of Ilium, Sc.ean Gate, and Palace of Priam. Looking North along the cutting through the whole

Hill To face 287

Plate XI. A. — The Excavations in the Temple of Athena.

From the East . . . . . . . . . . To face 290

In front is seen the great Reservoir of the Temple, then the sacrificial Altar. On the right, a stone block of the foundations of the Temple is seen projecting out of the wall of earth. In the background, underneath where the man stands, is the position of the double Sccedn Gate, of which, however, nothing is here visible. In the left-hand corner is one of the colossal jars, not visible in the next Plate. B. — The Magazine, with its colossal Jars, in the depths of the Temple of Athena. Of the nine Jars, six are visible ; a seventh (to the right, out of view) is broken. The two largest are beyond the wall of the Magazine, and one of these is seen in the preceding Plate. No. 203. Fragment of a Terra-cotta Vase, with Egyptian hiero- glyphics, from the bottom of the Greek Stratum (2 M.) . . 291 No. 204. A Greek Lamp on a tall foot (2 m.) . . . . . . 292

No. 205. Fragment of a two-horned Serpent (KepuoTqs), in Terra- cotta (3 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292

No. 206. Terra-cotta Cylinder, ij in. long, with Symbolical

Signs (5 m.) 293

No. 207. Terra-cotta Vase with helmeted image of the Ilian

Athena (6 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 294

No. 208. Fragment of a large Cup-handle in black Terra-cotta :

with the head of an Ox (6 m.) . . . . . . . . 294

No. 209. A finely decorated little Vase of Terra-cotta (6 m.) . . 294 No. 210. Terra-cotta Disc stamped with a Swan and an Antelope

(6 m.). Remarkable for the depth . . . . . . . . 295

.No. 211. Terra-cotta Disc pierced with two holes, and stamped

with the Head of a Warrior (8 m.) .. .. .. .. 295

No. 212. A piece of Bone, curiously engraved (7 m.) . . . . 295

No. 213. Fragment of a Trojan Idol of Terra-cotta (6 m.) . . 296

Nos. 214, 215. Terra-cotta Cups or Scoops (7 m.) . . . . 296

No. 216. Vase-cover in Terra-cotta (8 m.) . . . . . . 296

No. 217. Terra-cotta Handle of a Trojan Brush, with the holes

in which the bristles have been fixed (10 m.) . . . . 297

No. 218. Copper Bolts, found exactly in the middle of the first

and of the second Seaman Gates . . . . . . . . 302

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xli

PAGE

Plate XII. The Double Sc.ean Gate, Palace of Priam, and Tower of Ilium, with the Paved Road leading from the Gate to the Plain from the North West . . . . To face 303

Behind the Scaean Gate is seen the Great Tower of Ilium, and to the left of it the ruins of the Palace of Priam, beneath a mass of later, but still pre-Hellenic, buildings. In the foreground, to the right, is a wall of rubbish, which remains standing ; and at the foot of this, where the Greek stands, is the great enclosing Wall of Troy, running in a north-westerly direction from the Scaean Gate. The walls to the left belong to the royal palace, and over this part there are no buildings of the post- Trojan time.

No. 219. Wonderful Vase of Terra-cotta from the Palace of

Priam (8 m.).. . . . . . . . . . . . . 307

No. 220. Terra-cotta Vase from the House of Priam, with re- markable Decorations (9 m.) . . . . . . . . 308

No. 221. A Terra-cotta Vase, with two little Ears, and two large

perforated Handles, marked with strange characters (5^ m.) 309

No. 222. A splendidly-decorated Vase of Terra-cotta, with three

Feet and two Ears. From the Palace (7^ m.) . . . . 310

No. 223. A Terra-cotta Vase, with two Ears and covered with

dots. From the Palace (7 m.) . . . . . . . . 310

No. 224. Fine decorated Vase of Terra-cotta, with two Handles

and two great upright Wings. From the Palace (7 J m.) . . 311

No. 225. Five Copper Dress Pins, molten together by the con- flagration. From the Palace (8 m.) . . . . . . . . 312

No. 226. Engraved Cylinder of blue Felspar (Palace, 9 m.) . . 312

No. 227. Terra-cotta, engraved with ten rude Owls' Faces (8 m.) 312

No. 228. Terra-cotta Vase, with a curious Decoration. From

the upper and later House above the Scsean Gate (6 m.) . . 315

No. 229. Terra-cotta Vase, with four Handles and a Lid (6 m.) 315

No. 230. A great Jug, with Handle and two Ears (6 m.) . . 315

No. 231. A remarkable Terra-cotta Cup (4 m.) . . . . . . 317

Nos. 232, 233. Curious Terra-cottas from the Trojan Stratum

(8 and 7 m.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

Plate XIII. The Sc/ean Gate and Paved Road, the Tower of Ilium, City Walls, Palace of Priam, and the Walls of a Tower of the Greek Age. From the South East

To face 321 Here we see again the road leading down to the Plain, paved with great slabs of stone. In front of the Gate

Xlll LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

PACE

and Road is seen part of the Great Tower of Ilium, and

to the right hand, next to and behind the Gate, the ruins of the Pa/ace of Priai/t, partly overladen with later but still pre-Hellenic walls, and partly standing free. Behind, the Scsean Gate appears again, going in a direction W.N.W., then the great City Wall, and upon it, at or about the spot marked a, the Treasure was found. In the background, where the man stands, is seen a wall built of massive hewn stones, belonging to a Tower of the Greek age. Behind this Tower-wall appear the Plain of Troy, the Hellespont, the island of Imbros, and above this the mountains of Samothrace. At the right extremity of the picture, also, a part of the Plain of Troy is seen through the great cutting, over the ruins of the royal House.

Plate XIV. The Treasure of Priam . . . . . . To face 324

No. 234. A Copper Shield with a boss (<icr7n.'s o/x^aAo'eo-o-a). No. 235. Great Copper Caldron (Ae/fys). Plate XV. The Treasure of Priam . . . . . . To face 325

No. 236. Curious Plate of Copper (perhaps a Hasp of the Chest), with Discs fixed on one end, and a Silver Vase welded to the other by the conflagration. No. 237. Bottle of pure Gold, weighing about 1 lb. Troy. No. 238. Cup of pure Gold, pannelled, weighing 7^ oz. Troy. Plate XVI. The Treasure of Priam. Remarkable two- handled Cup of Pure Gold (^eVas a^LKvu-eXkov) , weighing about 1 lb. 6 oz. Troy . . . . . . . . To face 326

No. 239. Outside View of the Two-handled Gold Cup. No. 240. Inside View of the Two-handled Gold Cup. No. 241. Bronze Cup used in China for Libations and Drinking 327 Plate XVII. The Treasure of Priam . . . . To face 328

No. 242. Six Blades of Silver (Homeric Talents ?).

Nos. 243, 244. Two Silver Vases, with caps and rings for

suspending by cords. No. 245. A Silver Dish (</>taA^), with a boss in the centre. Xo. 246. A Silver Cup, 3^ in. high and nearly 4 in. wide. Plate XVIII. The Treasure of Priam . . . . To face 329

No. 247. A small Silver Cover. Xo. 248. A small Cup of Electrum.

Xo. 249. Large Silver Jug, with handle, in which the small ( )rnaments were found.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xliii

PAGE

No. 250. Silver Vase with part of another Silver Vase

welded to it by the fire. No. 251. Silver Vase with a quantity of copper fixed to its

bottom by the fire.

Nos. 252-256. Trojan Lance-Heads of Copper. — Tr. .. .. 330

No. 256. Copper Lance and Battle-Axe welded together by the

conflagration. The Pin-hole of the Lance is visible. — Tr. 330

Nos. 257-60. Trojan Battle-Axes of Copper. —Tr. .. .. 330

No. 261. Trojan Battle-Axe. — Tr. .. .. .. .. 331

Nos. 262-268. Nos. 262, 263. 264, 266. Trojan Two-edged Copper Daggers, with hooked Stems that have been fastened into Wooden Handles. No. 264 is doubled up by the conflagration. No. 265, Weapons molten together. No. 267, a Copper Sword-Blade, with a sharp edge at the end. .No. 268, a Four-sided Copper Bar, ending in a sharp edge.— Tr 332

No. 269. Copper Key, supposed to have belonged to the Trea- sure-chest.— Tr. . . . . . . . . . . . . 333

Nos. 270, 271. Cups of Electrum and Silver. Found in the

Palace, near the Treasure, 270 inside 271 . . . . . . 334

Nos. 272-275. Pieces of Helmet-crests found in a Room of the

Palace . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 334

Plate XTX. The Treasure of Priam . . . . . . To face 335

Nos. 276, 277. The two Golden Diadems (7rAeKTai ara-

Secr/xat).

Plate XX. The Treasure of Priam. Jewels of Gold To face 336 No. 278. Selection from the small Golden Jewels found

in the Silver Jug. No. 279. Golden Fillet (a.fnrv£), above 18 inches long. No. 280. Four Golden Earrings, or Tassels (Ova-avoi), each 3$ inches long. No. 281. Six Golden Bracelets welded together by the con- flagration.— [Tr.] . . . . . . . . . . . . 337

No. 282. 4610 Small Jewels of Gold. — Tr. . . . . . . 339

No. 283. Terra-cotta Vessel in the shape of a Cask (8 m.). . . 341 No. 284. Large Silver Vase found in the House of Priam (8 m.) 342 No. 285. Splendid Terra-cotta Vase from the Palace of Priam . . 350 No. 286. Curious double-necked Jug (8 m.) .. .. .. 351

No. 287. Terra-cotta Vessel consisting of three Goblets rising

out of a tube on three feet (4 M.) . . . . . . . . 351

No. 288. Terra-cotta Vessel in the form of a Pig (7 m.) ... 352

xllV LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

I'AGE

353 363

No. 289. A Terra-cotta stamped with Hieroglyphics (ii m.) . . 352 No. 290. Fragment of a Terra-cotta Vessel, in the shape of a

Horse's Head (4 M.) . . No. 291. An Inscribed Trojan Whorl (8 m.) Nos. 292, 293. Two Trojan Whorls from the same depth (7 m.)

with an identical inscription . . No. 294. The above Inscription developed (7 m.) No. 295. Inscription on a Trojan Seal (7 m.) No. 296. Inscription on a Trojan Whetstone (7 m.) No. 297. Inscription on a Trojan Vase from the Pal ice No. 298. Trojan Whorl, with an Inscription (10 m.) No. 299. The Inscription developed (10 m.) No. 300. Terra-cotta Ball, with an Inscription (4 m.)

367

368

.. 368

368

(8 m.) 369

369 369 372

PLATES XXI.-LII. LITHOGRAPHIC PLATES OF TERRA-COTTA WHORLS AND BALLS.*

{At End of the Volume.)

Plate XXI. Sections of Whorls.

Nos. 301-308. Sections of Plain Whorls (see p. 40) (2-10 m.).

No. 309. Piece of Terra-cotta, of unknown use (see p. 219) (10 m.).

Nos. 310-316. Sections of Decorated Whorls (see p. 60) (3-1 1 m.).

Plate XXII. Typical Patterns of Whorls.|

No. 317. A Cross, with 4 nail-marks (7 m.).

No. 318. Do. with the lines double and oblique (7 M.).

No. 319. Do. with three arms (7 m.).

* The only exceptions to this description are the two terra-cottas, PI. XXI. No. 309, and PI. XLVIII. No. 484, and the one on PI. XXIV. No. 349, which links the whorls with the round terra-cottas of the Greek strata.

t The descriptions of the patterns are partly from Dr. Schliemann's work, and partly added by the Editor ; but the chief part are from M. Burnouf's descriptions appended to the original drawings by himself and his accomplished daughter, from which all, from Plate XXIV. and onwards, have been engraved. These descriptions are quoted simply for what they may be worth, as the speculations of so eminent an orientalist. We have omitted some of them as too speculative. In special cases the initial (B) is added. The material, colour, and style of work are given from M. Burnouf's notes. Those on Plates XXI., XXII., XXIII., are engraved from the photographs in Schliemann's .Atlas.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xlv

No. 320. Cross with triple lines ; rows of triple dots on arms (see p. 187)

(8 M.).

No. 321. Six quadruple segments round the edge (called by Schliemann

Rising Suns, by Burnouf Stations of the Sun), alternately with

6 Arrow-heads yj^ (see p. 133) (6 m.). No. 322. Cross, with curved arms • nail-marked (7 m.) No. 3 2 3D.* Geometric star-like patterns on both sides (5 m.). No. 324. A Wheel with 13 spokes (sun-rays?), the spaces filled with

dots arranged in circles (7 m.). No. 325. Two zigzag borders round the central Sun (9 m.). No. 326. For description, see pp. 84, 137 (8£ m.). No. 327. Five Suns round the central Sun (see p. 136) (7 m.). No. 328. Five triple "Rising Suns" (comp. No. 321) round a large

central Sun (N.B. The depth 14 M.). No. 329. Wheel with spokes on both sides : very small (5 m.). No. 330. The Rosa Mystica (Qu., or an Inscription ?) (4 m.). No. 33 id. Geometrical Patterns ; Signs of Lightning (?) on one side

(8 M.).

No. ^2. Four strange characters (Qu., an Inscription ?) (9 m.).

Plate XXIII. Typical Patterns of Whorls.

No. 333. A Wheel in motion (9 M.).

No. 334. An Inscription (9 m.).

No. 335. A Flower with 10 petals (3 m.).

No. 336. Five Signs, curiously like Roman numerals (8 m.).

No. 337 d. A double moving Wheel, see p. 38 (6 m.).

No. 338D Obv. Three "flaming Altars" (Schl.) and a group of Stars. Rev., 3 flaming Altars and a pj-J (see p. 162) (6 m.).

No. 339. The Rosa Mystica (see p. 160) (8 m.). Nos. 340-341. Wheels in rapid rotation (see p. 38) (9 and 10 m.). No. 342. A series of Strokes (7 m.).

No. 343. Various marks. The dots are perhaps for stars (10 m.). No. 344. Geometric Pattern, like a Gothic quatrefoil (7 m.). No. 345. Concentric Circles, and 4 wave-like sets of Lines (3? m.). No. 346. Three curious Signs (Qu., letters?) (7 m.). No. 347. A cable-like Wreath (6 M.)

No. 348. Four concentric Circles and 6 quadruple " Rising Suns " (8 it).

* i> for double, denotes a whorl decorated on both sides.

xlvi LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate XXIV. Whorls with Suastikas, &c.

No. 349. One of the thin round Terra-cottas, with 2 holes, found chiefly in the Greek Stratum (see p. 65). The ^U 0n this example * forms a link with the Whorls of 'the lower strata. Of impure yellow earth (2 M.).

No. 350. Three curved p|4 Grey earth (4 m.).

No. 351. Four p[-J in a zigzag Border. "The 4 sacrifices of the month

or of the year." — B. Fine yellow earth ; polished; good work.t No. 352. Three curved pj-J. Grey; polished; good work (4 m.). No. 353. An Inscription. Dull brown ; polished; very coarse (9 M.).

No. 354. Three Rising Suns, and a Sign like a letter (?). Brown : polished ; the lines white (5 m.).

No. 355. Three f\A " The 3 sacrifices."— B. ( m.).

Plate XXV. Whorls with pj-J and Inscriptions.

No. 356. Four pi-| of peculiar form. "The 4 sacrifices of the month or of the year."— B. Dark grey; polished; beautiful work (7 m.).

No. 357. Apparently an Inscription. Blackish earth; burnt; badly kneaded).

No. 358. Two j-4-' and 2 Crosses. Grey ; very rude material and

work (7 m.). No. 359. Six pj-J. Black ; polished ; lines white). No. 360. An Inscription (4 m.).

Plate XXVI. Astronomical Signs and pU.

No. 361. Three triple " Rising Suns," a p]-!, and 2 round Spots, viz. " The sun and full moon, or the day of the full moon." — B. Fine brown earth (3^ M.).

No. 362. "The 6 bi-monthly sacrifices." — B. (comp. p. 187). Fine yellow earth (7 m.).

No. 363. "The morning and evening sacrifices: the 3 stations of the Sun." — B. Yellowish ; very coarse (5 m.).

No. 364. " The 4 epochs (quarters) of the month or of the year, and the holy sacrifice." — B. Grey : polished ; coarsely kneaded. Worn a little on the rim.

* In M. Burnouf s descriptions the rf is called " le sacrifice,''' or "le saint sacrifice. f Where the depth is not given, we have been unable to discover the objects in the Atlas ; neither the numbers nor the depths being given on the drawings.

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xlvii

Plate XXVII. Aryan Emblems and an Inscription.

No. 365. Three triple " Rising Suns " and a p|-j. Fine black earth ; polished ; beautiful work (6 M.).

No. 366. Similar design. Greyish yellow (6 m.).

No. 367. Four Hares, representing the 4 weeks of the month, or the 4 quarters of the year (see p. 136). Fine black earth (6 m.).

No. 368. Four curved Crosses round the rim. " The 4 sacrifices of the month or year." — B. Black ; polished ; good work ; lines white (3i m.)

No. 369. An Inscription from the Trojan Stratum. Dark grey ; very coarse (10 M.). (See Appendix, p. 369.)

No. 370. Divided into 2 fields by a line through the centre. In the left is a pi-j with 2 spots (" the sun and full moon." — B.) and dots (stars? — ' the 7 at the top being the Great Bear." — B.). In the right M. Burnouf finds 28 strokes for the days of the month. Black ; polished; lines white. N.B. Much worn by rubbing, especially on the under side (10 m.).

No. 371. "At top, 4 Crosses for the 4 weeks, with a pP, or sacrifice, set on fire by a flash of lightning ; below, the 4 great Sacrifices." — B. Greyish yellow ; polished (4 m.).

Plate XXVIII. Religious and Astronomical Emblems.

No. 372. Three pj-J (2 of a curious form), and 3 "flaming Altars" (Schl.). Grey; polished; lines white (6 m.).

No. 373. " The 3 stations of the Sun, or 3 mountains, with the 4 sacri- fices of the year or the month round the circle of the Sun." — B. Yellow ; polished ; rudely kneaded ; the lines scratched in with a fine point.

No. 374. " Divided into 2 fields by 2 points. Left: the mountain of the E., the Sun, and pj-J. Right: the mountains of the N. and W. and the full moon. The ring is the circle of the year." — B. Grey; polished. Worn all round by circular friction (7 m.).

No. 375. Various Symbols. Blackish yellow ; very coarse. Worn all round and on the under side.

No. 376. The Soma Tree, or Tree of Life, a 7\-\ with Strokes indi- cating numbers 2, 4, and 8. Yellow.

No. 377. Four Hares (the 4 quarters of the moon) round a Ring (the circle of the year). Iron grey; polished (see p. 136) (10 m.).

No. 378D. Oh:, an Inscription (?). Rev., a sort of Wheel. Part of the edge worn down to a straight line (9 m.).

xlviii LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate XXIX. Animals and other Symbols.

No. 379D. Obv., three Crosses (one with 4 nail-marks -rh-). Rev. (see the developed pattern) : "a. 3 Antelopes with dots (stars) ; b. The Great Bear ; c. Lightning, or Water ; d. Five p|-J " — (B.) Grey ; polished (see p. 136) (4 m.).

No. 380. " Two Antelopes, the halves of the month (quinzaines), round the circle of the year.'; — B. Black ; polished (see p. 135) (6 m.)

Plate XXX. Animals and the Praying Man.

No. 381. A Hare and 2 Antelopes (/. e. the moon and the 2 winds pre- vailing in the 2 half-months) round the circle of the year. Grey. (7 M.).

No. 382. The same subject (see p. 120). Grey ; polished (3 m.). {Observe the different depths).

No. 383. Three Animals, with a Man in the attitude of Prayer ; "the holy sacrifice of the full moon " (B.) ; but see Schliemann's ex- planation pp. 135, 137 (7 M.).

No. 384. The same subject as Nos. 381 and 382. Black : polish lost. Part of the edge worn flat (7 m.).

Plate XXXI. Animals and other Symbols.

No. 385. Same subject as Nos. 381, 382, 384, but still ruder. Grey;

polished; very coarse (8 m.). No. 386. Same subject. Yellow ; polished ; rude work (7 u.). No. 387. Scroll Pattern round large, deep-sunk centre. Dark grey ;

polished (10 m.).

No. 388. Six ~ alternately with six | J | , having, perhaps, some numerical meaning. The lines and dots filled in with white on a polished black ground (8 m.).

No. 389. Four wave lines (j\G) round the centre. Grey ; polished ; worn (3 m.).

No. 390. Similar Pattern round the edge of a Whorl remarkable for its small size. Black ; polished ; lines white. The space between the hole and the inner ring is filled with yellow ochre.

Plate XXXII. Geometrical and other Patterns.

No. 391. Rings of dots, which M. Burnouf attempts to explain as relating to the Astronomical Calendar. Black ; rude work (9 m.).

No. 392. Eleven Radii divide the field into spaces filled with cuneiform characters (where the question of true writing is still to be investi- gated). Black ; polished ; rude work (10 m.).

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. xllX

No. 393. Six triple Rising Suns, with dots (5, 6, or 7) in the middle

space. Yellow; polished; pattern white (9 m.). No. 394. Three pM (one with 2 dots), and a Sign (like a letter or

letters ?). Yellow ; polished ; pattern white. No. 395. An ornamental Quatrefoil. Brown; polished; pattern white,

good work (4^ m.). No. 396D. A Geometrical Pattern, composed of triple segments, slightly

varied on two sides. Yellow; polished ; patterns white (8 m.).

Plate XXXIII. The Soma Tree and other Symbols.

No. 397. A sort of 5-armed Star, or 5 triple " mountains (B.)," alter- nately with 5 triple Signs of Lightning. The ring of beads round the centre is remarkable. Black ; pattern white ; fine work. Worn all over by rubbing.

No. 398. Three triple Rising Suns and a Soma Tree (see p. 119). Black ; polished. The hole is conical (9 m.).

No. 399. Five Soma Trees and a triple Rising Sun.

No. 400. Three Soma Trees and 2 other Signs. Dark brown ; polished. Has been used (5 m.).

No. 401. Four Soma Trees forming a Cross (see p. 119). Black; polished ; pattern white. Slightly worn.

No. 402D Obv. Eight irregular Rising Suns (double or quadruple).* Rev. Twelve Soma Trees radiating from the centre (see p. 187). Greyish yellow ; highly polished ; rude work. The tip of the back worn by rubbing (10 m.).

Plate XXXIV. Soma Trees, Flaming Altars, etc.

No. 403. A Soma Tree and 4 Rising Suns (3 triple and 1 double).

Grey ; polished. Worn all over (see p. 187) (5 m.) No. 404. Six Soma Trees, pointing alternately to and from the centre

(seep. 269). Black; polished; lines white; rude (7 m.).

No. 405. Five pj-| and an Altar with 3 flames (?). Hole conical.

Yellowish ; polished. Worn on under side (5-5- m.). No. 406. Four Rising Suns and a flaming Altar. Grey ; polished.

Worn on under side (5 m.). No. 407. Four Rising Suns and 2 Altars. Hole conical. Small size.

Black ; polished; lines white. Worn on under side (8 m.). No. 408. Three Rising Suns and an Altar. Small size. Very black

earth, like trachyte ; lines white. Worn (5 m.). No. 409. Similar Pattern on a larger Whorl. Grey. Hole conical.

* One of numerous examples showing the workman's free hand; he has not measured his spaces with any exactness.

1 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

Plate XXXV. Flaming Altars and Soma Treks.

No. 410. Four Soma Trees, forming a Cross (see p. 119). Ashy grey ; unpolished ; coarse (9 m.).

No. 411. Three Altars and 3 irregular pj-l Brownish grey; polished; pattern yellow (6 m.).

No. 412. Four Altars (?) arranged in a Cross, with dots (stars?). Dark

grey ; very coarse. No. 413. Six flaming Altars. Black; polished; lines white ; good work

(7 m.). No. 414. Four Altars forming a Cross (see p. 121). Yellow: polished

(8 M.).

No. 415. Five Altars. Small size. Black; pattern white ; work good.

Plate XXXVI. Various Patterns. No. 416. Three flaming Altars. Grey; pattern white; good (8 M.). No. 417. A double Circle, with 5 broad arms; on each a Sign of

Lightning. Brownish yellow ; slightly polished ; well made. Hole

conical (4 m.). No. 418. Five Signs (Qu., letters?). Brown. No. 419. A five-armed irregular Cross, with 2 pj-J an<J 2 Signs of

Lightning. Yellowish ; coarsely kneaded (7 m.). No. 420. Two triple Rising Suns and a double zigzag (lightning) round

more than half the circumference. A beautiful black ; polished ;

lines white. A little worn on under side. No. 42 id. Obv. Irregular cross with zigzags (Signs of Lightning) on

arms. Rev. A curious Geometric Pattern (7 m.).

Plate XXXVII. Geometric and other Patterns.

No. 42 2D. A triangular Pattern on both sides (8 M.J.

No. 423. A six-armed cross with Signs of Lightning on the arms. Fine

yellow earth ; polished ; white pattern (9 M.). No. 424. Four triple Rising Suns (one broken off) and a flaming Altar.

Black ; polished ; coarse (8 m.). No. 425. Four Segmental Curves, with dots (see Plate). Much worn.

Brownish yellow (10 M.).

No. 426. Irregular marks, -4^, zigzags, &c. Brown ; polished ; work bad.

Plate XXXVIII. Various Patterns. No. 427. (See the Plate.) Yellow; polished ; pattern white (8 m.). No. 428. A double Rising Sun and 3 Owls' Faces (?). Yellow ; pattern white (2 m.).

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. H

No. 429. Very irregular Star with numerous dots. Red earth; coarse ;

very bad work. No. 430. Two Spots between 2 large double Arcs. Yellow ; polished

(8 M.). No. 431. (See the Plate.) Brownish yellow; pattern white (5 m.) No. 432. Zigzag Pattern round edge (see the Plate). Brown ; very

good.

Plate XXXIX. Inscription, and other Patterns. No. 433. Fine six-pointed Star. Yellow ; polished ; pattern white. No. 434. Three curious Figures round margin. (See the Plate.) Greyish

yellow ; fair work (7 M.). No. 435. An Inscription. Brown ; very coarse (5 m.). No. 436. Three double Rising Suns and an Altar (?). Coarse. No. 437. Three |'s alternately with 3 V's. Much worn all round'"'

(5 m.). No. 438. Looks like an Inscription. Brown. Worn at the ends.

Plate XL. Various Patterns. No. 439. Four triple Rising Suns and an Altar (?) (5 m.). No. 440. A fine double Polygonal Star, with dots in the space between.

Brown; pattern white (10 m.). No. 441. Three triple Rising Suns and an Arrow-head \J/. Light

brown ; polished (7 m.). No. 442. Signs like Figures round a broad, deep centre. No. 443. Two double Rising Suns and 5 large Spots (Q/t., the 5

planets ?) Dark brown ; fine ; polished. No. 444. A plain Whorl, modelled into a sort of seven-pointed Star.

Brownish black (8 m.). No. 445D. A very curious Pattern on both sides (see the Plate). Black ;

polished ; good work.

Plate XLI. Various irregular Patterns.

No. 446. Sun with rays, Altar, pLJ through a sun or moon (?), &c.

M. Burnouf explains the 3 dots I • I as denoting " royal majesty " No. 447. Curious composition of 7\\ long lines, and short lines.

Yellowish earth; badly modelled (9 m.). No. 448D. Curious Pattern on both sides (see Plate). Brown ; polished

(9 M.).

* This is rather .suggestive of a teetotum.

d 1

hi LIST OK ILLUSTRATIONS.

No. 449D. Obv. Eleven straight Rays, with rows of dots between, and 1 zigzag Ray. Rev. 2 Rising Suns and a Pj-L Grey ; not polished. N.B. "The edge cut all round by the friction of thread, like the kerbstone of a well by the cord" — (B.) (8 m.).

No. 450D. Obv. 3 double Rising Suns and 2 curious signs ~j~. Rev. 3 concentric Circles, with short Rays between the first and second. Grey ; polished ; good work.

Plate XLII. Various remarkable Patterns.

No. 45 id. Obv. Pentagonal Star, with Spots 0, and dots, and raised rim with dots round the hole. Rev. Sun, with 5 hooked rays (?) and 3 Spots 0. Yellow earth; badly kneaded ; not polished.

No. 452. A pair of j's and a pair of /\ round a deep broad centre.

Reddish earth, very badly kneaded ; polished. No. 453. Two small Segmental Curves, filled with dots, and 2 Signs

like ladders. Brown j polished (6 m.). No. 454. Two quadruple Rising Suns, a -f- with curved arms, several

dots, and a curious cruciform Sign. Fine brown earth (4 m.).

Plate XLIII. Various Patterns.

No. 45 5D. Four Triangles on each side. Fine black earth ; polished

(6 M.). No. 456. Six groups of Stars (?). A dirty yellowish brown ; rudely

kneaded. Wheel-shaped, with lines on the broad flat edge. No. 457. Dots and strange Characters (Qu., letters?). Blackish earth ;

burnt ; pattern white (?).

No. 458. Four Arrow-heads -^ alternately with 4 Spots ©. Brown- black ; polished (7 m.).

No. 459. Wheel-shaped, with Pattern on the broad flat edge (see Plate). Reddish earth.

No. 460. Three double Rising Suns and a Sign of 3 Strokes (Qu., a letter?). Black; polished; pattern white (5 M.).

Plate XLIV. Various Patterns.

No. 461. Covered with strange Characters (Qu., letters?). Coarse brown earth ; very badly modelled.

No. 462. Strange Characters looking like letters. Reddish earth ; polished ; very coarse.

No. 463. Strange rude Marks. Black ; very coarse.

No. 4641). Obv. Four Quatrefoils. Rev. (see Plate). Red earth ; burnt on one side. Much worn at both ends (9 u.).

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. liii

No. 465D. Obv. Two very rude Quadrupeds.* Rev. Three Signs (Qu., letters?). Coarse grey earth ; very bad work. Worn (3^ m.).

Plate XLV. Various Patterns. No. 466. Six irregular V-shaped Signs. Bright brown (8 m.).

No. 467. Three Characters (Qu., letters?) and 5 Spots 0. Yellowish; polished ; rude (5 M.).

No. 468. Five rude Birds, perhaps the Falcon of the Aryan mythology (see pp. 120, 135). Reddish yellow; burnt.

No. 469. Three strange Characters (Qu., letters ?) with Spots (stars ?). Brown ; polished ; badly kneaded. Hole badly made.

No. 470. Cross of a curious form. Rose-coloured earth ; good. Looks new, though from the lowest Stratum (12 m.).

No. 471. Four triple Rising Suns, and a -f- with a Spot 0. Black; pattern white ; good (7 m.).

Plate XLVI. Various remarkable Patterns.

No. 472. An Inscription. Greyish; polished; letters white; course (6 M.).

No. 473. Two Circles of Strokes and Dots. Reddish yellow; very coarse (4 m.).

No. 474. Five strange Characters. Brown-black ; polish gone. Irregu- larly worn all round (4 M.).

No. 475. (See the Plate.) Black; polished; bad work (8 m.).

No. 476. Four double Rising Suns and a Sign (Qu., letter?). Black; polished; pattern white (7 m.).

Plate XLVII. Geometric and other Patterns.

No. 47 7D. Obv. A six-pointed Star, with circle in middle andvtriple edges (or 6 such figures as Burnouf calls mountains in other cases). t Rev. A Circle with 8 rays, alternately double and triple. Black.

No. 478. The Rosa Mystica, as a cinquefoil, with rows of triple dots along each petal (see p. 160). Dark grey; polished; good. N.B. Completely worn by circular friction (7 m.).

No. 479. Six Spots round the centre, enclosed by a Circle with crooked rays (Qu., the moon and 5 planets within the revolving sphere of heaven ?). Grey ; coarse.

* An example of one of the rudest attempts at drawing from the latest pre-Hellenic stratum ; some equally rude figures are scratched on a wall at Pompeii.

t This is an example of many cases, in which the pattern may be viewed quite differently, according as we start from the centre or from the circumference.

Hv LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

No. 480. Four quadruple Zigzags (Signs of Lightning), arranged as a Cross (see p. 160). Very beautiful black ; polished; pattern very white ; angles very sharp ; very hard. One of the finest Trojan Whorls (10 M.).

No. 48 id. Five parallel Circles of quadruple lines on the edge and both faces, probably meant for a wheel in rapid motion (comp. Plate XXIII. No. 340). " The exactly parallel circular lines were marked on the moist clay with a comb, as is proved by the way in which their extremities cross at the point of junction." — B.

Plate XL VIII. Various Patterns.

No. 482. Three Pj-| (Sacrifices) and 2 obscure Signs. — B. (Comp. Plate XXII. No. 326, and Schliemann's desciiption, pp. 84 and 137.) Reddish ; very rude ; kneaded. The axes of the Whorl and the hole do not coincide (8^ m.).

No. 483. A pM and rude Figures (Qu., animals or letters?). Grey; polished ; very coarse (4 m.)

No. 484. A Terra-cotta Tripod. The top (in the upper figure) shews the Tree of Life (in the middle) attacked by the Caterpillar (on the right), the symbol of the Powers of Mischief. On the left is a Pj-J and other Marks. Grey ; polished ; work rude (3 m.).

No. 485. Three concentric rows of Dots : 12 in the inner, 14 in the next, and 17 in the outer border, which is marked by a Circle and divided by straight lines. M. Burnouf explains the inner ring of dots as the 12 months of the year, and the 2 outer as referring to the days and lunations (8 m.).

Plate XLIX. A Ball and Whorls.

No. 486. A Celestial Sphere, with lines marking the Zones and the Ecliptic. (The Ecliptic is not continued across the S. hemisphere, but ends at the extremities of a hole pierced through the middle of the Ball, possibly signifying the ancient belief that the nocturnal course of the Sun was subterranean.) Black; unpolished (8 m.).

No. 487. Three quintuple Rising Suns, with a Sun crossed by a py. Grey ; polished ; very regular (7 m.).

No. 488. Three Arcs, enclosing clots, and 2 pj-|. " The 3 stations of the Sun. The Morning and Evening Sacrifices, with their priests : the Noon has 3 priests." — B. Grey. Worn by circular friction.

No. 489. Four triple Arcs (Rising Suns) and a J3-1 " The 4 quarters of the month or of the year, with the Holy Sacrifice." — B. Fine black earth (10 m.).

No. 490D. Obv. Three Suns and 3 pU alternately. " The 3 stations of the Sun and the 3 Sacrifices." Rev. Three triple Radii. Fine black earth ; polished (4 M.).

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS. Jv

Plate L. Remarkable Ball and Whorl.

No. 491. Six faces of a Terra-cotta Ball, with Celestial Emblems, fully described at p. 168. "One of the most interesting objects in the whole collection " (Schl.) Yellowish earth (5 m.)

No. 492. A Whorl, so nearly globular as to form a transition to the Balls. Triple lines and rows of dots round the border ; curious characters (Qu., letters?) round the whole. Reddish yellow; badly kneaded ; not polished.

Plate LI. A Ball and Inscribed Whorls.

No. 493. A Ball, with its 8 segments developed, fully described at pp. 167-8. Black earth; polished; patterns white (5 m.).

No. 494. Whorl with an Inscription. Blackish earth ; badly kneaded. (M. Burnouf pronounces this and No. 496 to be by the same workman as the Whorl with the developed pattern (Plate XXV. No. 357) and the two Inscribed Vases, No. 3, p. 23, and No. ^^, p. 50) (7 M.)

No. 495D. A small Whorl, with cruciform Pattern on both sides (see Plate). Light brown ( m.).

No. 496. Very important Inscribed Whorl. The Inscription is the same as that shown in No. 115, p. 161. (See Appendix, pp. 366-368.) Red coarse earth ; not polished ; work very coarse (7 m.).

Plate LII. Two Remarkable Trojan Balls.

No. 497. Ball with an Inscription; showing 3 Faces and the Pattern developed. Brownish grey ; polished ; pattern white (8 m.).

No. 498. Ball, with its 8 segments developed, representing the starry heavens, with a pj-J and the Tree of Life. Yellow earth ; badly modelled (8 m.). (Dr. Schliemann has 25 Terra-cotta Balls, most of them covered with dots, and representing stars, with or without lines denoting the equator, the colures, the zones, and the ecliptic.)

[J'JJ Piece of a Terra-cotta Dish, with the Owl's Face. (14 M.

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

DR. HENRY SCHLIEMANN.

FROM THE PREFACE TO HIS

'ITHACA, THE PELOPONNESUS, AND TROY.'

AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.

When, in the year 1832, at Kalkhorst, a village in Mecklen- burg-Schwerin, at the age of ten, I presented my father, as a Christmas gift, with a badly written Latin essay upon the principal events of the Trojan war and the adventures of Ulysses and Agamemnon, little did I think that, six-and- thirty years later, I should offer the public a work on the same subject, after having had the good fortune to see with my own eyes the scene of that war, and the country of the heroes whose names have been immortalized by Homer.

As soon as I had learnt to speak, my father related to me the great deeds of the Homeric heroes. I loved these stories ; they enchanted me and transported me with the highest enthusiasm. The first impressions which a child receives abide with him during his whole life ; and, though it was my lot, at the age of fourteen, to be apprenticed in the ware- house of E. Ludvvig Holtz in the small town of Ftirstenberg, in Mecklenburg, instead of following the scientific career for which I felt an extraordinary predisposition, I always retained the same love for the famous men of antiquity which I had conceived for them in my first childhood.

In the small shop where I was employed for five years and a half, first by Mr. Holtz and then by his successor, the excellent Mr. Th. Huckstadt, my occupation consisted in retailing herrings, butter, brandy, milk and salt, grinding potatoes for the still, sweeping the shop, and so forth. I only came into contact with the lower classes of society.

From five in the morning to eleven at night I was engaged in this work, and had not a moment free for study. Moreover I rapidly forgot the little that I had learnt in my childhood, but I did not lose the love of learning ; indeed I never lost it,

B 1

4 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

and, as long as I live, I shall never forget the evening when a drunken miller came into the shop. He was the son of a Protestant clergyman in a village near Teterow, and had almost concluded his studies at the Gymnasium when he was expelled on account of his bad conduct. To punish him for this, his father made him learn the trade of a miller. Dis- satisfied with his lot, the young man gave himself up to drink, which however had not made him forget his Homer ; for he recited to us about one hundred lines of the poet, observing the rhythmic cadence. Although I did not understand a word, the melodious speech made a deep impression upon me, and I wept bitter tears for my unhappy fate. Thrice I got him to repeat to me those god-like verses, paying him with three glasses of brandy, which I bought with the few pence that made up my whole fortune. From that moment I never ceased to pray God that by His grace I might yet have the happiness to learn Greek.

There seemed, however, no hope of my escaping from the sad and low position in which I found myself. And yet I was released from it as if by a miracle. In lifting a cask too heavy for me, I hurt my chest ; I spat blood and was no longer able to work. In despair I went to Hamburg, where I succeeded in obtaining a situation as cabin-boy on board of a ship bound for La Guayra in Venezuela.*

On the 28th of November, 1841, we left Hamburg, but on the 1 2th of December we were shipwrecked in a fearful storm off the island of Texel. After innumerable dangers, the crew were saved. I regarded it as my destiny to remain in Holland, and resolved to go to Amsterdam and enlist as a soldier. But this could not be done as quickly as I had imagined, and the few florins, which I had collected as alms on the island of Texel and in Enkhuyzen, were soon spent in Am- sterdam. As my means of living were entirely exhausted, I feigned illness and was taken into the hospital. From this terrible situation I was released by the kind ship-broker J. F. Wendt of Hamburg, who heard of my misfortune and sent me the proceeds of a small subscription which had been raised for me. He at the same time recommended me to the

* Dr. Schliemann desires us to add that this ship was the "Dorothea" (Captain Simonsen), owned by the merchants Wachsmuth and Kroog. — [Ed.]

OF DR. HENRY SCHLIEMANN. 5

excellent Consul-General of the North German Confederation in Amsterdam, Mr. W. Hepner, who procured me a situation in the office of Mr. F. C. Ouien.

In my new situation my work consisted in stamping bills of exchange and getting them cashed in the town, and in carrying letters to and from the post-office. This mechanical occupation suited me, for it left me time to think of my neglected education.

First of all I took pains to learn to write legibly, and then, in order to improve my position, I went on to the study of the modern languages. My annual salary amounted only to 800 francs (32/.), half of which I spent upon my studies ; on the other half I lived, miserably enough to be sure. My lodging, which cost 8 francs a month, was a wretched garret without a fire, where I shivered with cold in winter and was scorched with the heat in summer ; my breakfast consisted of rye-meal porridge, and my dinner never cost more than a penny farthing. But nothing spurs one on more to study than misery and the certain prospect of being able to release oneself from it by unremitting work. I applied myself with extraordinary diligence to the study of English. Necessity showed me a method which greatly facilitates the study of a language. This method consists in reading a great deal aloud, without making a translation ; devoting one hour every day to writing essays upon subjects that interest one, correct- ing these under a teacher's supervision, learning them by heart, and repeating in the next lesson what was corrected on the previous day. My memory was bad, since from my childhood it had not been exercised upon any object ; but I made use of every moment, and even stole time for study. I never went on my errands, even in the rain, without having my book in my hand and learning something by heart ; and I never waited at the post-office without reading. By such means I gradually strengthened my memory, and in half a year I had succeeded in acquiring a thorough knowledge of the English language. I then applied the same method to the study of French, the difficulties of which I overcame likewise in another six months. These persevering and ex- cessive studies had in the course of one year strengthened my memory to such a degree that the study of Dutch, Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese appeared very easy, and it did not

6 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE

take me more than six weeks to write each of these languages and to speak them fluently. But my passion for study caused me to neglect my mechanical occupation in the office, espe- cially when I began to consider it beneath me. My principals would give me no promotion ; they probably thought that a person who shows his incapacity for the business of a servant in an office is therefore quite worthless for any higher duties.

At last, through the intercession of my worthy friends, L. Stoll of Mannheim and Ballauff of Bremen, I had the good fortune to obtain a situation as correspondent and book- keeper in the office of Messrs. B. H. Schroder and Co. in Amsterdam, who engaged me at a salary of 1200 francs (48/.) ; but when they saw my zeal, they paid me 2000 francs as an encouragement. This generosity, for which I shall ever be grateful to them, was in fact the foundation of my prosperity ; for, as I thought that I could make myself still more useful by a knowledge of Russian, I set to work to learn that language also. But the only Russian books that I could procure were an old grammar, a lexicon, and a bad translation of Telemachus. In spite of all my inquiries I could not find a teacher of Russian, for no one in Amsterdam understood a word of the language : so I betook myself to study without a master, and, with the help of the grammar, I learnt the Russian letters and their pronunciation in a few days. Then, following my old method, I began to write short stories of my own composition and to learn them off by heart. As I had no one to correct my work, it was, no doubt, very bad indeed, but I tried at the same time to correct my faults by the practical exercise of learning Telemachus by heart. It oc- curred to me that I should make more progress if I had some one to whom I could relate the adventures of Telemachus ; so I hired a poor Jew for 4 francs a week, who had to come every evening for two hours to listen to my Russian recitations, of which he did not understand a syllable.

As the ceilings of the rooms in Holland consist of single boards, people on the ground-floor can hear what is said in the third storey. My recitations therefore, delivered in a loud voice, annoyed the other tenants, who complained to the landlord, and twice during my study of the Russian language I was forced to change my lodgings. But these inconve- niences did not diminish my zeal, and in the course of six

OF DR. HENRY SCHLIEMANN. 7

weeks I wrote my first Russian letter to a Russian in London, and I was able to converse fluently in this language with the Russian merchants who had come to Amsterdam for the indigo auctions.

After I had concluded my study of the Russian language, I began to occupy myself seriously with the literatures of the languages which I had learnt.

In the beginning of the year 1846, my worthy principals sent me as their agent to St. Petersburg, where a year later I established a mercantile house on my own account ; but, during the first eight or nine years that I spent in Russia, I was so overwhelmed with work that I could not continue my linguistic studies, and it was not till the year 1854 that I found it possible to acquire the Swedish and Polish languages.

Great as was my wish to learn Greek, I did not venture upon its study till I had acquired a moderate fortune ; for I was afraid that this language would exercise too great a fascina- tion upon me and estrange me from my commercial business. When, however, I could no longer restrain my desire for learning, I at last set vigorously to work at Greek in January 1856; first with Mr. N. Pappadakes, and then with Mr. Th. Vimpos of Athens, always following my old method. It did not take me more than six weeks to master the difficulties of modern Greek, and I then applied myself to the ancient language, of which in three months I learned sufficient to understand some of the ancient authors, and especially Homer, whom I read and re-read with the most lively enthusiasm.

I then occupied myself for two years exclusively with the ancient Greek literature ; and during this time I read almost all the old authors cursorily, and the Iliad and Odyssey several times.

In the year 1858 I travelled to Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Italy and Egypt, where I sailed up the Nile as far as the second cataract in Nubia. I availed myself of this oppor- tunity to learn Arabic, and I afterwards travelled across the desert from Cairo to Jerusalem. I visited Petra, traversed the whole of Syria, and in this manner I had abundant op- portunity of acquiring a practical knowledge of Arabic, the deeper study of which I afterwards continued in St. Peters- burg. After leaving Syria, I visited Athens in the summer

8 AUTOBIOGRAPHICAL NOTICE.

of 1859, and I was on the point of starting for the island of Ithaca when I was seized with an illness which obliged me to return to St. Petersburg.

Heaven had blessed my mercantile undertakings in a wonderful manner, so that at the end of 1863 I found myself in possession of a fortune such as my ambition had never ventured to aspire to. I therefore retired from business, in order to devote myself exclusively to the studies which have the greatest fascination for me.

In the year 1864 I was on the road to visit the native island of Ulysses and the Plain of Troy, when I allowed myself to be persuaded to visit India, China and Japan, and to travel round the world. I spent two years on this journey, and on my return in 1866 I settled in Paris, with the purpose of devoting the rest of my life to study, and especially to archaeology, which has the greatest charm for me.

At last I was able to realize the dream of my whole life, and to visit at my leisure the scene of those events which had such an intense interest for me, and the country of the heroes whose adventures had delighted and comforted my childhood. I started, therefore, last summer, and visited in succession the places which still possess such living poetic memorials of antiquity.

I had not, however, the ambition of publishing a work on the subject ; this I only decided upon doing when I found what errors almost all archaeologists had spread about the site once occupied by the Homeric capital of Ithaca, about the stables of Eumaeus, the Island of Asteris, ancient Troy, the sepulchral mounds of Batiea and of ^Esyetes, the tomb of Hector, and so forth.

Apart from the hope of correcting opinions which I hold to be erroneous, I should consider myself fortunate could I aid in diffusing among the intelligent public a taste for the beautiful and noble studies which have sustained my courage during the hard trials of my life, and which will sweeten the days yet left me to live.

Henry Schliemann.

6, Place St.-Michel, Paris, Dec. 3 1 st, 186S.

INTRODUCTION.

D I A G R A M

SHEWING THE SUCCESSIVE STRATA OF REMAINS ON THE HILL OF HISSARLIK.

Meiers. Feet {abt.) Surface.

Remains of Greek Ilium.

4th Stratum.

13

-5

33

;rd Stratum.

2nd Stratum. The Troy of Homer, according to Schliemann.

1 st Stratum.

46 .

to

52!

Native rock.

INTRODUCTION.

CONTENTS.

Form of the Work — Changing and progressive opinions due to the Novelty of the Discoveries — Chronology — Duration of the Greek Ilium — Four successive strata of remains beneath its ruins on the hill of Hissarlik — Remains of the Earliest Settlers, who were of the Aryan race — Symbols on their terra-cottas — The Second Settlers, the Trojans of Homer — The Tower of Ilium, Scasan Gate, and City Walls, covered with the ashes of a conflagration — Skeletons denoting a bloody war — The Royal Treasure — Small extent of Troy : not beyond the hill of Hissarlik — Poetical exaggerations of Homer, who only knew it by tradition — The city was wealthy and powerful, though small — Stone weapons and implements, not denoting the " Stone Age " — Contemporaneous use of copper, silver, and gold, for tools, weapons, vases, and ornaments — Inscriptions proving the use of a written language — Splendid remains of pottery — Symbols proving that the Trojans were an Aryan race — Their buildings of stone and wood — Antiquity of the City — The Third Settlers, also of the Aryan race — Their pottery coarser — Musical instruments — Their mode of building — Fewer implements of copper, but those of stone abundant — The Fourth Settlers, of the Aryan race, built the Wooden Ilium — Their progressive decline in civilization — Some copper implements, with tools and weapons of stone — The Greek Ilium built about B.C. 700 : ceased to exist in the fourth century after Christ ■ — Evidence of Coins — No Byzantine remains — The Walls of Lysimachus — Metals found in the various strata : copper and bronze, silver, gold, lead : no iron or tin — Sculptures of the Greek age — Metope' of the Sun-God — Images of the owl-faced Athena common to all the pre-Hellenic strata : their various forms — The perforated whorls of terra- cotta, with Aryan symbols — The sign of the Suastika pM — The • plain whorls — Discussion of the site of Troy — Traditionally placed on that of the Greek Ilium — View of Demetrius and Strabo refuted — Opinion of Lechevalier for Bunarbashi, generally accepted, but erroneous — No remains of a great city there — The site really that of Gergis — Fragments of Hellenic pottery only —

12 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

The three so-called tombs of heroes also Greek — Proposed sites at Chiplak and Akshi-Koi refuted by the absence of remains — Modern authorities in favour of Hissarlik — Ancient types of pottery still made in the Troad — Covers with owl-faces, and vases with uplifted wings — Colouring materials of the pottery — The inscrip- tions — The author's relations with the Turkish Government — Professor Max Midler on the owl-headed goddess — Some probable traces of another settlement between the fourth pre-Hel!enic people and the Greek colonists.

The present book is a sort of Diary of my excavations at Troy, for all the memoirs of which it consists were, as the vividness of the descriptions will prove, written down by me on the spot while proceeding with my works.*

If my memoirs now and then contain contradictions, I hope that these may be pardoned when it is considered that I have here revealed a new world for archaeology, that the objects which I have brought to light by thousands are of a kind hitherto never or but very rarely found, and that consequently everything appeared strange and mysterious to me. Hence I frequently ventured upon conjectures which I was obliged to give up on mature consideration, till I at last acquired a thorough insight, and could draw well-founded conclusions from many actual proofs.

One of my greatest difficulties has been to make the enormous accumulation of debris at Troy agree with chron- ology; and in this — in spite of long-searching and pondering — I have only partially succeeded. According to Herodotus (VII. 43) : " Xerxes in his march through the Troad, before invading Greece (b.c 480) arrived at the Scamander and went up to Priam's Pergamus, as he wished to see that citadel ; and, after having seen it, and inquired into its past fortunes, he sacrificed 1000 oxen to the Ilian Athena, and the Magi poured libations to the manes of the heroes."

This passage tacitly implies that at that time a Greek colony had long since held possession of the town, and, according to Strabo's testimony (XIII. i. 42), such a colony

* Each of these Memoirs forms a chapter of the Translation.

INTRODUCTION. 1 3

built Ilium during the dominion of the Lydians. Now, as the commencement of the Lydian dominion dates from the year 797 B.C., and as the Uians seem to have been com- pletely established there long before the arrival of Xerxes in 480 b.c, we may fairly assume that their first settlement in Troy took place about 700 b.c. The house-walls of Hellenic architecture, consisting of large stones without cement, as well as the remains of Greek household utensils, do not, however, extend in any case to a depth of more than two meters (6h feet) in the excavations on the flat surface of the hill.

As I find in Ilium no inscriptions later than those belonging to the second century after Christ, and no coins of a later date than Constans II. and Constantine II., but very many belonging to these two emperors, as well as to Constantine the Great, it may be regarded as certain that the town began to decay even before the time of Constantine the Great, who, as is well known, at first intended to build Constantinople on that site ; but that it remained an in- habited place till about the end of the reign of Constans II., that is till about a.d. 361. But the accumulation of debris during this long period of 1061 years amounts only to two meters or 6k feet, whereas we have still to dig to a depth of 12 meters or 40 feet, and in many places even to 14 meters or 46^ feet, below this, before reaching the native ground which consists of shelly limestone (Muschelkalk). This immense layer of debris from 40 to 46^ feet thick, which has been left by the four different nations that successively in- habited the hill before the arrival of the Greek colony, that is before 700 b.c, is an immensely rich cornucopia of the most remarkable terra-cottas, such as have never been seen before, and of other objects which have not the most distant resem- blance to the productions of Hellenic art. The question now forces itself upon us : — Whether this enormous mass of ruins may not have been brought from another place to increase the height of the hill ? Such an hypothesis, as every

14 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

visitor to my excavations may convince himself at the first glance, is perfectly impossible ; because in all the strata of dSrzs,from the native rock, at a depth of from 14 to 16 meters (46 to 52^ feet) up to 4 meters (13 feet) below the surface, we continually see remains of masonry, which rest upon strong foundations, and are the ruins of real houses ; and, moreover, because all the numerous large wine, water, and funereal urns that are met with are found in an upright position. The next question is : — But how many centuries have been required to form a layer of dSris, 40 and even 46V feet thick, from the ruins of pre-Hellenic houses, if the formation of the uppermost one, the Greek layer of 6^ feet thick, required 1 06 1 years? During my three years' excavations in the depths of Troy, I have had daily and hourly opportunities of con- vincing myself that, from the standard of our own or of the ancient Greek mode of life, we can form no idea of the life and doings of the four nations which successively inhabited this hill before the time of the Greek settlement. They must have had a terrible time of it, otherwise we should not find the walls of one house upon the ruined remains of another, in continuous but irregular succession ; and it is just because we can form no idea of the way in which these nations lived and what calamities they had to endure, that it is impossible to calculate the duration of their existence, even approximately, from the thickness of their ruins. It is extremely remarkable, but perfectly intelligible from the con- tinual calamities which befel the town, that the civilization of all the four nations constantly declined ; the terra-cottas, which show continuous decadence, leave no doubt of this.

The first settlement on this hill of Hissarlik seems, how- ever, to have been of the longest duration, for its ruins cover the rock to a height of from 4 to 6 meters (13 to 20 feet). Its houses and walls of fortification were built of stones, large and small, joined with earth, and manifold remains of these may be seen in my excavations. I thought last year that these settlers were identical with the Trojans of whom

INTRODUCTION. 15

Homer sings, because I imagined that I had found among their ruins fragments of the double cup, the Homeric "SeVa.9 djx(j)iKV7reXXoi'." From closer examination, however, it has become evident that these fragments were the remains of simple cups with a hollow stem, which can never have been used as a second cup. Moreover, I believe that in my memoirs of this year (1873) I have sufficiently proved that Aristotle {Hist. Anim., IX. 40) is wrong in assigning to the Homeric " SeVa? aixfyiKvrrekkov " the form of a bee's cell, whence this cup has ever since been erroneously interpreted as a double cup, and that it can mean nothing but a cup with a handle on either side. Cups of such a form are never met with in the debris of the first settlement of this hill ; but they frequently occur, and in great quantities, among those of the succeeding people, and also among those of the two later nations which preceded the Greek colony on the spot. The large golden cup with two handles, weighing 600 grammes (a pound and a half), which I found in the royal treasure at the depth of 28 feet in the debris of the second people, leaves no doubt of this fact.*

The terra-cottas which I found on the native rock, at a depth of 14 meters (46 feet), are all of a more excellent quality than any met with in the upper strata. They are of a brilliant black, red, or brown colour, ornamented with patterns cut and

filled With a White Substance; the Fragment of painted pottery from

the lowest stratum (16 M.).

flat cups have horizontal rings on

two sides, the vases have generally two perpendicular rings on each side for hanging them up with cords. Of painted terra-cottas I found only one fragment.f

* For this remarkable vessel see Chapter XXIII. and Plate XVII. t But a second was found in the stratum above (see the Illustration, No. 35, at the end of the Introduction).

I 6 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

All that can be said of the first settlers is that they belonged to the Aryan race, as is sufficiently proved by the Aryan religious symbols met with in the strata of their ruins (among which we rind the Suastika p|-l ), both upon the pieces of pottery and upon the small curious terra-cottas with a hole in the centre, which have the form of the crater of a volcano or of a carrousel (i. e. a top).*

The excavations made this year (1873) have sufficiently proved that the second nation which built a town on this hill, upon the cUbris of the first settlers (which is from 13 to 20 feet deep), are the Trojans of whom Homer sings. Their debris lies from 7 to 10 meters, or 23 to ^2, feet, below the surface. This Trojan stratum, which, without exception, bears marks of great heat, consists mainly of red ashes of wood, which rise from 5 to 10 feet above the Great Tower of Ilium, the double Scaean Gate, and the great enclosing Wall, the construction of which Homer ascribes to Poseidon and Apollo ; and they show that the town was destroyed by a fearful conflagration. How great the heat must have been is clear also from the large slabs of stone upon the road leading from the double Scaean Gate down to the Plain : for when I laid this road open a few months ago, all the slabs appeared as unin- jured as if they had been put down quite recently ; but after they had been exposed to the air for a few days, the slabs of the upper part of the road, to the extent of some

* The word by which Dr. Schliemann usually denotes these curious objects is carrousels, as a translation of fusaioli, the term applied by the Italian antiquaries to the similar objects found in the marshes about Modena. It is difficult to choose an English word, without assuming their use on the one hand, or not being specific enough on the other. Top and teetotum are objectionable on the former grounds, and wheel is objectionable on both. On the whole, whorl seems most convenient, and Dr. Schliemann gives his approval to this term. Their various shapes are shown in the Plates at die end of die volume. Those in the form of single cones, with flat bases, seem to he what Dr. Schliemann calls volcanoes (Vulkans), the hole representing the crater. — [Ed.]

INTRODUCTION. 17

10 feet, which had been exposed to the heat, began to crumble away, and they have now almost disappeared, while those of the lower portion of the road, which had not been touched by the fire, have remained uninjured, and seem to be indestructible. A further proof of the terrible cata- strophe is furnished by a stratum of scoriae of melted lead and copper, from I to 1^ of an inch thick, which extends nearly through the whole hill at a depth of from 28 to 29 •? feet. That Troy was destroyed by enemies after a bloody war is further attested by the many human bones which I found in these heaps of dSri's, and above all by the skeletons with helmets, found in the depths of the temple of Athena ;* for, as we know from Homer, all corpses were burnt and the ashes were preserved in urns. Of such urns I have found an immense number in all the pre- Hellenic strata on the hill. Lastly, the Treasure, which some member of the royal family had probably endeavoured to save during the destruction of the city, but was forced to abandon, leaves no doubt that the city was destroyed by the hands of enemies. I found this Treasure on the large enclosing wall by the side of the royal palace, at a depth of 27^ feet, and covered with red Trojan ashes from 5 to 6h feet in depth, above which was a post-Trojan wall of fortification igh feet high.

Trusting to the data of the Iliad, the exactness of which I used to believe in as in the Gospel itself, I imagined that Hissarlik) the hill which I have ransacked for threeyears, was the Pergamus of the city, that Troy must have had 50,000 inhabitants, and that its area must have extended over the whole space occupied by the Greek colony of Ilium.f

Notwithstanding this, I was determined to investigate the matter accurately, and I thought that I could not do so in any better way than by making borings. I accord- ingly began cautiously to dig at the extreme ends of the

* See p. 280. \ See the Plan of Greek Ilium (Plan I.).

C

I 8 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

Greek Ilium : but these borings down to the native rock brought to light only walls of houses, and fragments of pottery belonging to the Greek period, — not a trace of the remains of the preceding occupants. In making these borings, therefore, I gradually came nearer to the fancied Pergamus, but without any better success ; till at last as many as seven shafts, which I dug at the very foot of the hill down to the rock, produced only Greek masonry and fragments of Greek pottery. I now therefore assert most positively that Troy was limited to the small surface of this hill ; that its area is accurately marked by its great surrounding wall, laid open by me in many places ; that the city had no Acropolis, and that the Pergamus is a pure invention of Homer ; and further that the area of Troy in post-Trojan times down to the Greek settlement was only increased so far as the hill was enlarged by the debris that was thrown down, but that the Ilium of the Greek colony had a much larger extent at the time of its foundation.*

Though, however, we find on the one hand that we have been deceived in regard to the size of Troy, yet on the other we must feel great satisfaction in the certainty, now at length ascertained, that Troy really existed, that the greater portion of this Troy has been brought to light by me, and that the Iliad — although on an exaggerated scale — sings of this city and of the fact of its tragic end. Homer, however, is no historian, but an epic poet, and hence we must excuse his exaggerations.

As Homer is so well informed about the topography and the climatic conditions of the Troad, there can surely be no doubt that he had himself visited Troy. But, as he was there long after its destruction, and its site had moreover been buried deep in the dtbris of the ruined town, and had for centuries been built over by a new town, Homer could

Sec the Plan of Dr. Schliemann's Researches (Plan II.).

INTRODUCTION. 19

neither have seen the Great Tower of Ilium nor the Scaean Gate, nor the great enclosing Wall, nor the palace of Priam ; for, as every visitor to the Troad may convince himself by my excavations, the ruins and red ashes of Troy alone — forming a layer of from five to ten feet thick — covered all these remains of immortal fame ; and this accumulation of dcbi'is must have been much more considerable at the time of Homer's visit. Homer made no excavations so as to bring those remains to light, but he knew of them from tradition ; for the tragic fate of Troy had for centuries been in the mouths of all minstrels, and the interest attached to it was so great that, as my excavations have proved, tradition itself gave the exact truth in many details. Such, for in- stance, is the memory of the Scaean Gate in the Great Tower of Ilium, and the constant use of the name Scaean Gate in the plural, because it had to be described as double,* and in fact it has been proved to be a double gate. According to the lines in the Iliad (XX. 307, 308), it now seems to me extremely probable that, at the time of Homer's visit, the King of Troy declared that his race was descended in a direct line from yEneas/j"

Now as Homer never saw Ilium's Great Tower, nor the Scaean Gate, and could not imagine that these buildings lay buried deep beneath his feet, and as he probably imagined Troy to have been very large — according to the then existing poetical legends — and perhaps wished to

* The double form of an outer and inner gate, and the use of irvXat in the plural for a city gate, are both far too frequent to justify our founding an argument merely on the plural form of the 2/catai jruAat. — [Ed.]

f NSv Se 8ti Aivetao fiit] Tpwe&aiv avacci,

Kai Trat8(DV TraiSes, tol kcv fieroTricrBe yh/wvrat.

" But o'er the Trojans shall yEneas reign, And his sons' sons, through ages yet unborn."

This is the declaration of Poseidon to the gods, when ./Eneas was in peril of his life by the sword of Achilles. (But compare p. 182). — [Ed.]

C 2

20 TROY AM) ITS REMAINS.

describe it as still larger, we cannot be surprised that he makes Hector descend from the palace in the Pergamus and hurry through the town in order to arrive at the Scaean Gate; whereas that gate and Ilium's Great Tower, in which it stands, are in reality directly in front of the royal house. That this house is really the king's palace seems evident from its size, from the thickness of its stone walls, in con- trast to those of the other houses of the town, which are built almost exclusively of unburnt bricks, and from its im- posing situation upon an artificial hill directly in front of or beside the Scaean Gate, the Great Tower, and the great surrounding Wall. This is confirmed by the many splendid objects found in its ruins, especially the enormous royally ornamented vase with the picture of the owl-headed goddess Athena, the tutelary divinity of Ilium (see No. 219, p. 307) ; and lastly, above all other things, by the rich Treasure found close by it (Plate II.). I cannot, of course, prove that the name of this king, the owner of this treasure, was really Priam ; but I give him this name because he is so called by Homer and in all the traditions. All that I can prove is, that the palace of the owner of this treasure, this last Trojan king, perished in the great catastrophe, which destroyed the Scaean Gate, the great surrounding Wall, and the Great Tower, and which desolated the whole city. I can prove, by the enormous quantities of red and yellow calcined Trojan ruins, from five to ten feet in height, which covered and enveloped these edifices, and by the many post-Trojan buildings, which were again erected upon these calcined heaps of ruins, that neither the palace of the owner of the Treasure, nor the Scaean Gate, nor the great surrounding Wall, nor Ilium's Great Tower, were ever again brought to light. A city, whose king possessed such a treasure, was immensely wealthy, considering the circumstances of those times ; and because Troy was rich, it was powerful, had many subjects, and obtained auxiliaries from all quarters.

Last year I ascribed the building of the (Treat Tower of

INTRODUCTION.

21

Ilium to the first occupants of the hill; but I have long since come to the firm conviction that it is the work of the second people, the Trojans, because it is upon the north side only, within the Trojan stratum of ruins, and from 1 6 to 19^ feet above the native soil, that it is made of actual masonry. I have, in my letters, repeatedly drawn attention to the fact, that the terra-cottas which I found upon the Tower can only be compared with those found at a depth of from 36 to 46 feet. This, however, applies only to the beauty of the clay and the elegance of the vessels, but in no way to their types, which, as the reader may convince himself from the illustrations to this work, are utterly different from the pottery of the first settlers.

It has been hitherto thought that the occurrence of stone implements indicates the "Age of Stone." My excavations here in Troy, however, prove this opinion to be completely erroneous ; for I very frequently find imple- ments of stone even immediately below the debris belong- ing to the Greek colony, that is at a depth of 6^ feet, and they occur in very great quantities from a depth of 13 feet downwards. Those, however, in the Trojan stratum, from 23 to 33 feet below the surface, are in general of much better workmanship than those above. I wish to draw atten- tion to the fact that unfortunately, when writing the present book, I made the mistake, which is now inconceivable to me, of applying the name of wedges to those splendidly- cut weapons and imple- ments, the greater part of which are made of diorite, but frequently also of very hard and transparent green stone, such as are given

here and in Several later No- 2- SmaI1 Trojan Axes of Diorite (8 m.).

illustrations. They are,

however, as anyone can convince himself, not wedges but

22 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

axes, and the majority of them must have been used as battle-axes. Many, to judge from their form, seem to be excellently fitted to be employed as lances, and may have been used as such. I have collected many hundreds of them. But, together with the thousands of stone imple- ments, I found also many of copper ; and the frequently discovered moulds of mica-schist for casting copper weapons and implements, as well as the many small crucibles, and small roughly made bowls, spoons, and funnels for filling the moulds, prove that this metal was much used. The strata of copper and lead scoriae, met with at a depth of from 28 to 29^ feet, leave no doubt that this was the case. It must be observed that all the copper articles met with are of pure copper, without the admixture of any other metal. # Even the king's Treasure contained, besides other articles made of this metal, a shield with a large boss in the centre ; a great caldron ; a kettle or vase ; a long slab with a silver vase welded on to it by the conflagration ; and many fragments of other vases.f

This Treasure of the supposed mythical king Priam, of the mythical heroic age, which I discovered at a great depth in the ruins of the supposed mythical Troy, is at all events a discovery which stands alone in archaeology, reveal- ing great wealth, great civilization and a great taste for art, in an age preceding the discovery of bronze, when weapons and implements of pure copper were employed contempo- raneously with enormous quantities of stone weapons and implements. This treasure further leaves no doubt that Homer must have actually seen gold and silver articles, such as he continually describes ; it is, in every respect, of

* To this statement there are at least some exceptions. See the Analysis by M. Damour, of Lyon, at the end of the book. — [Ed.]

f We omit here the Author's further enumeration of the objects composing the "King's Treasure," as they are fully described on the occasion of their wonderful discovery (Chapter XXIII.). Meanwhile the Plate opposite gives a general view of the whole. — [Ed.]

Plate II.

fage 22.

GENERAL VIEW OF THE TREASURE OF PRIAM. (Depth 8* m.)

a. Key of the Treasure Chest.

b. The Golden Diadems, Fillet, Ear-rings, and Small Jewels.

c. Silver "Talents " and Vessels of Silver and Gold.

d. Silver Vases and curious Plate of Copper.

e. Weapons and Helmet-Crests of Copper or Bronze.

f. Copper Vessel. g. Copper Caldron. /;. Copper Shield.

INTRODUCTION. 23

inestimable value to science, and will for centuries remain the object of careful investigation.

Unfortunately upon none of the articles of the Treasure do I find an inscription, or any other religious symbols, ex- cept the 100 idols of the Homeric " 0ea yXav/canT-is 'A #771/77," which glitter upon the two diadems and the four ear-rings. These are, however, an irrefragable proof that the Treasure belongs to the city and to the age of which Homer sings.

Yet a written language was not wanting at that time. For instance, I found at a depth of 16 feet, in the royal palace, the vase with an inscription, of which a drawing- is here given ; and I wish to call especial attention to

r»_7Tre?^7fl*|g

No. 3. [a). Inscribed Terra-colta Vase from the Palace (8 M.). [l>). The Inscription thereon.

the fact, that of the characters occurring in it, the letter like the Greek P occurs also in the inscription on a seal, found at the depth of 23 feet ; the second and third letter to the left of this upon a whorl of terra-cotta,*

* Engraved among the lithographic plates at the end of the volume, PI. LI., No. 496. Since the publication of Dr. Schliemann's work, many

24

TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

likewise found at a depth of 23 feet ; and the third letter also upon two small funnels of terra-cotta, from a depth of

10 feet (see p. 191). I further found in the royal palace the excellent engraved inscription on a piece of red slate ; but I see here only one character resembling one ot the letters of the inscription on the above-mentioned seal. My friend the great Indian scholar, Emile No. 4- inscribed Terra-cotta seal Bumouf, conjectures that all these

(7 »!•)• J

characters belong to a very ancient Graeco-Asiaticlocal alphabet. Professor H.Brunn, of Munich, writes to me that he has shown these inscriptions to Professor Haug, and that he has pointed out their relationship and con-

No. 5. Piece of Red Slate, perhaps a Whetstone, with an Inscription (7 M.).

nection with the Phoenician alphabet (from which the Greek alphabet is however derived), and has found certain analogies between them and the inscription on the bronze table which was found at Idalium in Cyprus, and is now in the Cabinet des Midailles in Paris. Professor Brunn adds that the con- nection of things found at Troy with those found in Cyprus is in no way surprising, but may be very well reconciled with Homer, and that at all events particular attention should be paid to this connection, for, in his opinion, Cyprus is the

of these Trojan inscriptions have been more certainly determined to be real inscriptions in the Cyprian syllabic character^ through the researches of Dr. Martin Haug and Professor Gomperz of Vienna. (See the Appendix.) — [Ed.]

INTRODUCTION.

2 5

cradle of Greek art, or, so to speak, the caldron in which Asiatic, Egyptian, and Greek ingredients were brewed together, and out of which, at a later period, Greek art came forth as the clear product.

I find in these Trojan layers of debris an abundance of splendid pottery, and more especially large and small cups with two handles, or with one from below in the form of a crown ;* vases with rings on the sides and with holes in the same direction in the lip, for hanging them up by cords ; all kinds of domestic uten- sils ; also a beautifully ornamented flute made of bone, several pieces of other flutes, and a splendidly orna- mented piece of ivory, which is part of a lyre with only four strings.

Like the first settlers on this sacred spot, the Trojans also were of the Aryan race ; for I find among their remains enormous quantities of the

No. 6. Terra-cotta Vase Cover (8 m.).

No. j. Ornamented Ivory Tube, probably a Trojan Flute (8 M.).

small articles of terra-cotta in the form of volcanoes and tops {carrousels), with carvings of Aryan religious symbols.

The building materials of the Trojans are of various kinds. With but few exceptions, all the house-walls which I have uncovered are No 8 Pieco

ot Ivory, be-

composed of unburnt sun-dried bricks, which in ^jarf Lyre the heat of the conflagration have become a kind strings (aw of really burnt bricks. But the royal palace and two small buildings in the depths of the temple of

* Dr. Schliemann has since pronounced these crown-shaped vessels to be covers of vases; though they may. he thinks, have been used for cups as well. One is seen placed on the splendid vase on p. 48.— [Ed !

26 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

Athena, as well as the Great Tower of Ilium, the Scaean Gate, and the great enclosing Wall, are generally composed of unhewn stones joined with earth, the less rough face of the stones being turned to the outside, so that the walls have a tolerably smooth appearance.

I thought last year, upon uncovering the Great Tower of Ilium, that it must have been at one time higher than it now is, namely 6 meters or 20 feet ; but its flat-built top beside the Scaean Gate, and the benches (not ruins, as I for- merly thought) afterwards found upon it, prove that it can never have been higher.* I would draw especial attention to the fact, that the masonry of the Scaean Gate, upon being uncovered, looked as wonderfully fresh as if it had been erected quite recently. It is quite certain that it pos- sessed strong wooden fortifications, and probably also a wooden tower above the gateway; for otherwise it is inex- plicable to me how the entrance of the Gate can have been covered to the height of 10 feet by those red Trojan wood- ashes, and especially how it was that there, far from the other buildings, the heat should have been so great that even the thick slabs of stone have been destroyed by it.

Homer speaks of Troy as having been destroyed by Hercules previous to the Trojan war,j and it will ever remain an enigma to us whether this information, which had been preserved by traditions down to his time, really refers to the Ilium of Priam, or to the very ancient town of the first settlers.

* See Plan III., p. 306.

t Iliad, V. 640-642, where Tlepolemus boasts of his ancestor Hercules —

"Os 7tot€ Sevp lX$i»v £V€)( LTnroiv Aao/xeSorros, 'E^ 0177s crvv vrjvcrt naX avBpdcn TravpoTtpoKriv, IXluv itaXaira^e ttoXlv, xijpwcre §' ayuias.

•• With but six ships, and with a scanty band, The horses by Laomedon withheld Avenging, he o'erthrew this city, Troy, And made her streets a desert."

INTRODUCTION.

27

As to the chronology of Troy, we have only the general supposition of antiquity that the Trojan War occurred about b.c. 1 200, and Homer's statement {Iliad, XX. 215-237) that Dardanus, the first Trojan King, founded Dardania, which town I agree with Virgil and Euripides in considering identical with Ilium, and that after him it was governed by his son Erichthonius, and then by his grand- son Tros, by his great-grandson Ilus, and then by his son Laomedon, and by his grandson Priam. Even if we allow every one of these six kings a long reign of 33 years, we nevertheless scarcely carry the foundation of the town be- yond 1400 b.c, that is 700 years before the Greek colony.

The site of Troy, which at the time of its foundation was 10 meters (about 33 feet) below the present surface, was only 7 meters (23 feet) below it after its destruction, when Ilium was again rebuilt by another people of Aryan origin ; for, in the dSn's of this people, which extends to a depth of from 7 to 4 meters (23 to 13 feet) below the present surface, I find the same objects of terra-cotta with religious symbols.

On the photographic plates of the Atlas I have carefully stated the depth at which every object was found, so that it is very easy to find out which of them belong to this people.* Their pottery resembles that of the Trojans, but it is worse and coarser, and we meet with many new types. Almost all their vases have a tube on either side for hanging them up by cords. I here found, at a depth of i6i feet, part of a lyre made of stone, with six strings; and

No. 9. Ornamented Piece of Ivory belonging to a Trojan Seven- Stringed Lyre (7 M.).

* This most important key to the archaeological evidence collected by Dr. Schliemann has been preserved in the present translation. The depths are given in meters for the reasons stated in the Preface.

28 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

at a depth of 13 feet the beautifully ornamented ivory piece of another lyre, with seven strings, here shown.

The architecture of this people, as may be seen from the many house-walls which I have uncovered, was always of small stones joined with earth. Yet in two places in the depths of the temple of Athena there is a wall of sun-dried bricks, which appears to belong to this nation. Their houses were smaller, and less wood was employed in their construction than in those of the Trojans ; for, although the ruins of houses lying one upon another show that several great convulsions have taken place, still we rind here far fewer charred ruins than among those of the preceding people; nay, these layers of debris have in the majority of cases a grey or black appearance, and they contain millions of small mussel-shells, bones, fish-bones, and so forth. It is curious that in these strata certain types of terra-cottas are only found exactly at the same depth, and that, for instance, the splendid black cups in the form of an hour- glass, and with two large handles, are confined to a depth of 6 meters (nearly 20 feet).

During the first two years of my excavations, at the depth of from 4 to 7 meters (13 to 23 feet), I found scarcely any copper, and consequently I believed that the metal was but rarely, if at all, known to this people. This year, however, I found a number of copper nails in this stratum, as well as some knives and battle-axes, together with moulds of mica-schist for casting them, besides other weapons and implements.* Yet copper must have been rare with them ; for stone implements, such as knives of silex, hammers and axes of diorite, and so forth, are found by thousands.

This people also seem to have disappeared simul- taneously with the destruction of their town ; for not only do I find, at a depth of from 4 meters up to 2 meters

* These objects resemble those from other strata, engraved in Chapter I V. and subsequently.

INTRODUCTION. 29

(13 to 6i feet), many new types of terra-cotta vessels, but I no longer find any remains of house-walls ; nay, even single stones are scarcely ever met with. At all events, directly after its destruction, the town was rebuilt of wood by another tribe of the Aryan race ; for the small terra-cottas, adorned with Aryan religious symbols, although frequently of new types, occur in numbers in these layers of debris. Walls of fortification are indeed met with in these depths, but they had been built by the preceding people ; as, for instance, the wall 19^ feet in height, whose base is at a depth of 5 to 6\ feet above the treasure, and which reached to within i\ ft. of the surface. This wooden Ilium was, to all appearance, still less fortunate than the stone town of its predecessors ; for, as is proved by the numerous calcined layers of debris, it was frequently desolated by fire. Whether these fires broke out accidentally, or were kindled by the hands of enemies, must for ever remain a riddle to us ; but thus much is certain and evident from the terra- cottas found at these depths, that the civilization of the people, which had been but slight from the beginning, continued to decrease during the perpetual misfortunes of their town. I find, among the ruins of this nation, lances, battle-axes, and implements, of pure copper, and moulds for casting them ; likewise a number of copper nails, which, however — as in the case of the preceding peoples who have inhabited this hill — are too long and thin to have been employed for fastening wood together, and must in all probability have been used as brooches : this seems to be proved by two nails of this kind on the top of which I found rows of perforated beads of gold or elcetrum soldered upon them. These two copper nails were, it is true, found immediately below the surface, but they must in any case belong to the pre-Hellenic time.

In the ruins of this people, at a depth of from 13 to 6h feet, we also meet with stone implements, such as

30 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

hammers, splendidly polished axes and battle-axes of diorite, but considerably fewer than in the preceding stratum.

When the surface of the hill was about 2 meters (63 feet) lower than it is now, Ilium was built by a Greek colony ; and we have already endeavoured to prove that this settlement must have been founded about the year 700 b.c. From that time we find the remains of Hellenic house-walls of large hewn stones joined without cement. From about 1 meter (3^ feet) below the surface, and upwards, there are also ruins of buildings, the stones of which are joined with cement or lime. We also meet withgreat numbers of copper coins of Ilium of the time of the Roman empire, from Augustus to Constans II. and Constantine II.; like- wise older Ilian coins with the image of Athena, and medals of Alexandria Troas ; also with some coins of Tenedos, Ophrynium and Sigeum, in some few cases at 3^ feet, but generally at less than 20 inches below the surface. I once remarked erroneously that Byzantine coins were also met with here near the surface. But in my three years' excavations I have not found a single medal of a later date than Constans II. and Constantine II., except two bad coins belonging to a Byzantine monastery, which may have been lost by shepherds ; and, as there is here not the remotest trace of Byzantine masonry or of Byzantine pottery, it may be regarded as certain that the Ilium of the Greek colony was destroyed towards the middle of the fourth century after Christ, and that no village, much less a town, has ever again been built upon its site. The wall I mentioned in my memoir of the 1st of March, 1873,* as consisting of Corinthian pillars joined with cement, and which I believed to have belonged to the Middle Ages, must be referred to the time of Constantine I. or to Constans II., when the temple of Athena was destroyed by the pious zeal of the first Christians.

* Chapter XVI., p. 239 ; comp. Chap. XV., p. 230, XVII., p. 250. XIX., p. 272.

INTRODUCTION. 3 1

Of the walls and fortifications of the Greek colony, almost the only portions that have been preserved are those which were apparently built by Lysimachus. The lower and prominent portion of the wall of the Tower belongs to more ancient times, probably to the beginning of the Greek colony. Of great political convulsions or catastrophes there seem now to have been but few or none at all; for the accumulation of debris during the long duration of the Greek colony, about io-j centuries, amounts only to i meters {6\ feet).

Curiously enough, I find extremely little metal in the debris of the Greek colony. Half-a-dozen scythe-shaped knives, a double-edged axe, about two dozen nails, a cup, a few lances and arrows, are pretty nearly all that I discovered. I have described these objects in my memoirs as made of copper ; but upon a more careful examina- tion they have been found to be bronze, and pure copper is no longer met with in the Greek colony. The only objects of iron which I found were a key of curious shape, and a few arrows and nails, close to the surface. From Homer we know that the Trojans also possessed iron, as well as the metal which he calls kvo.vo% and which, even in antiquity, was translated by yaXvty (steel). I am sure, however, that I have not discovered even a trace of this metal, either among the Trojan ruins or among those of any of the other nations which preceded the Greek colony on the hill.* Yet articles of iron and steel may have existed : I believe positively that they did exist : but they have vanished without leaving a trace of their existence; for, as we know, iron and steel become decomposed much more readily than copper. Of tin, which Homer so re- peatedly mentions, I found of course no trace : this metal, as we know, is corroded very rapidly even when lying in a dry locality. Lead is found in the ruins of all the dif-

* It will be seen, however, from the analysis of M. Damour, that traces of iron (probably in the state of an ore) are found in one of the sling-bullets discovered by Dr. Schliemann. — [Ed.]

jl TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

ferent nations which have inhabited the hill ; but, among those which preceded the Greek settlement, it is found principally in lumps of a hemispherical form. I find it first in general use only in the Greek colony, where it was employed as a means for uniting stones in building.

To judge from the area of the Ilium of the Greek colony,* it may have possessed 100,000 inhabitants. It must in its best days have been very rich, and the plastic art must have attained a high degree of perfection here. Accordingly the site of the town, which is covered with abundant relics of grand buildings, is strewn with fragments of excellent sculptures, and the splendid block of triglyphs — 6h feet in length and 2 feet 10 inches in height, with a metopt which represents Phoebus Apollo with the four horses of the Sun — is one of the most glorious masterpieces that have been preserved from the time when Greek art was in its zenith. I discovered it in the depths of the temple of Apollo, and it now adorns my garden at Athens. In de- scribing this treasure of art in my memoir of the 18th of June, 1872,1 directly after having discovered it, I made the remark that it must have belonged to the time of Lysi- machus, that is to say to about the year 306 b.c I sent a plaster cast of it to the Museum of Casts in Munich, and the Director of the Museum, Professor H. Brunn, who is certainly one of the greatest authorities in the world respect- ing the plastic works of antiquity, wrote me the following communication with regard to it. " Even photographs furnish no adequate means of judging of plastic works, and, in the present case, the cast alone has quite convinced me that this work must be judged much more favourably than it has been in the ' Archaologische Zeitung.' I do not venture to speak decidedly about the triglyphs : the history of the Doric style after the time of the Parthenon and the Propykea is still utterly obscure : yet the straight cutting of the channellings can certainly be referred to pre- Roman

* See Plan 1 1, at the end of the volume. j Chapter X.

INTRODUCTION. 33

times. Of external criteria the halo of rays is the only one. According to the investigations of Stephani,* this first occurs about the time of Alexander the Great. For the special form of long and short rays, we have the coins of Alexander I., of Epirus and of Ceos (Carthaea), mentioned by Curtius. The most recent example that I have as yet found is the Hades vase of Canosa, in our Museum, which belongs at latest to the second century before Christ ; hence the extreme termini for the relief would be about the end of the fourth and the middle of the second centuries. The composition, as a work of art, shows the greatest skill in solving one of the most difficult problems. For the team of four horses ought not to move on the surface of the relief, but to appear as if it came out of it in a half-turn. This has been attained principally by making the right hinder thigh of the horse in the fore- ground pressed back while the left foot steps forward, and moreover this same horse is slightly foreshortened, and the surface of the thigh lies deeper than the upper surface of the triglyphs, while, on the other hand, the surfaces of the withers and of the neck are higher, and the head, in con- formity with the rules of Greek reliefs, is again almost parallel with the base. For this reason there is no indication of a chariot, which has to be imagined as concealed by the foremost horse. Moreover the position of the god is half turned forwards, slightly following that of the head, and here also the arm is again strongly turned inwards, but not so as to bring the position in conflict with the rules of relief. If the encroachment of the head on the upper border of the triglyph is considered inaccurate, I find in this a very happy thought, which may remind us of the differently con- ceived pediment of the Parthenon, where only the head and shoulders of Helios rise out of the chariot still under the ocean. Helios here, so to speak, bursts forth from the gates of day and sheds the light of his glory over all. These

"' Xi in hits mi I Strahlenkranz,

34 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

arc beauties peculiar only to Greek art in the fulness of its power. The execution corresponds perfectly with the excellence of the ideas, and thus I do not hesitate to place the relief nearer to the commencement than to the end of the above limited space of time. If, therefore, for other reasons, you believe it to belong to the time of Lysimachus, I, from an archaeological point of view, have no objection to make against the supposition, but I rejoice to see our treasure of monuments enriched by an original from those times."

I have already proved the relationship of the four different peoples, who inhabited the site of Troy before the arrival of the Greek colony, by the small terra-cottas in the form of volcanoes and tops which are met with in quantities in all of the strata, and by the similarity of the Aryan religious symbols engraved upon them. I prove this relationship further, and above all, by the plastic representations of Athena, the owl-faced tutelary goddess of Ilium, for this representation is common to all the four nations which preceded the Greek colony. Immediately below the strata of the last, at a depth of 2 meters (6£ feet), I found this owl's face upon terra-cotta cups with a kind of

Terra-cotta Covers of Vases, with the Owl's Face. No. 10. — From 3 m. No. ii.— From 2 M. No. 12. — From 7 M. Interesting for depth and form .

helmet, which likewise occur in all the succeeding layers of dtbris to a depth of 12 meters (39^ feet), and are of very frequent occurrence down to a depth of 9 meters (29^ feet). These cups may, as my learned friend Emile Burnouf thinks, have served only as lids to the vases which occur contemporaneously with them, and which have two up-

INTRODUCTION.

35

No. 13. Terra-cotta Va

an Aryan symbol (6 M.

arked with

raised wings, and the breasts and abdomen of a woman, for they fit these vases perfectly. I found likewise in all the layers of debris, from a depth of 3 meters (nearly 10 feet) down to a depth of 10 meters (33 feet), vases with owls' faces, two upraised wings (not arms, as I formerly thought), and the two large breasts and abdomen of a woman, and even, at a depth of 6 meters (nearly 20 feet), a vase upon which the navel is ornamented with a cross and four nails. As far down as a depth of 14 meters (46 feet) I found the upper portion of a vase and the fragment of a dish adorned with owls' faces. Besides these, in all the layers of debris, from a depth of d\ feet downwards, as far as the primary soil, there were found idols of very fine marble, of bone, of mica-schist, of slate, and even of ordinary limestone, which are from \ of an inch to ji inches in length, and from o#6 of an inch to 4*8 inches in breadth. Upon a great many of these there is an owl's face, and some have even long female hair engraved upon them ; many also have a woman's girdle. As upon several of the idols, upon which I find the owl's head, it is not cut, but represented in a red or black colour, I presume that this was once the case with all the idols which now possess no indications of an owl, and that the colour upon these latter has been destroyed by damp, during the course of thousands of years. Upon several idols of marble and bone there are mere indications of wings on the sides. But 1 also find the petrified vertebra of an antediluvian animal upon which the Trojans have carved a large owl's head. Further, at a depth of 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 14 meters (10, 13, 20, 23, 26, 30 and 46 feet), I found twelve idols of terra- cotta, and all, with only one exception, have owls' faces

D 2

Nos. 14-30. Rude Idols found in the various Strata (2 to 14 M.).

No. 14 is of Ivory, with the same Decorations on both sides. Nos. 15, 16, 18, 20, 25, 26, 28, are of very fine Marble. No. 17 is of Green Slate. Nos. 23, 24, 27 are of Terra-cot t a : and No ce of a Dish.

INTRODUCTION.

37

upon them ; most of them also have the two breasts of a woman, and upon the back traces of long female hair. One of these owl-headed idols has the form of a vessel, with a funnel on each side in the shape of a smaller vessel ; the front part of the body of the goddess, up to the neck, is covered by a long shield, and on the back of the body there is the long female hair hanging down, like that of the Karyatides in the Acropolis of Athens. Upon several of these terra-cotta idols there are indications of wings.

No. 31. Remarkable Trojan Terra-cotta Vase, representing the Ilian Athena (9 M.).

These owl-faced female figures, which occur so fre- quently upon the cups, vases and idols, can represent but one goddess, and this goddess can be none other than Athena, the tutelary goddess of Troy, all the more so as Homer continually calls her " Oea ykavKcoTTLs 'Adrjvr) ; " for " yXavKMTTLs " has been wrongly translated by the scholars of every century, and does not signify "with bright and sparkling eyes," but " with the face of an ozvir The natural conclusion, in the first place, is that Homer per- fectly well knew that the owl-faced Athena was the tutelary goddess of Troy ; secondly, that the locality whose depths I have ransacked for three years must be the spot " ubi Troja fuit ;" and thirdly, that, in the progress of civilization, Pallas Athena received a human face, and her former owl's head was transformed into her favourite bird, the owl,

38 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

which as such is quite unknown to Homer. At a depth of from 4 to 9 meters (13 to 293 feet), I also found some vases and cups with a human face, but which have a good deal of the owl about them.

As I did not find a trace of the owl's face among the ruins of the Greek colony, we may regard it as certain that it had already advanced beyond the civilization of the old Ilians of whose town it took possession, and that it brought the idea of the goddess with a human face with it to Troy.

With regard to the often mentioned perforated terra- cottas in the form of a top and the crater of a volcano, adorned with Aryan religious symbols, it is possible that their original form was that of a wheel, for they occur fre- quently in this shape upon the primary rock at a depth of from 14 to 16 meters (46 to $i\ feet).* In the upper layers of debris, these objects in the form of wheels are indeed rare, but the representation of the wheel in motion, effected by the incisions being more numerous, still occurs very frequently."}* In spite of all my searching and pondering, I have not yet succeeded in arriving at an opinion as to what these extremely interesting objects were used for. As has now become evident by the excavation of the temple of Athena, it is only among the pre-Hellenic peoples that they were adorned with Aryan symbols. In the Greek colony these occur but rarely ; they are of a different form, and they possess no trace of carved decorations ; instead of these, we find the much larger objects of terra-cotta, round, and twice perforated, which occasionally bear the mark of a kind of stamp. \

Through the kindness of my friend Professor Giuseppe G. Bianconi in Bologna, I have received the drawings of

* See the Sections on the Plates of Whorls.

t For examples of this type sec N'os. 337, 340. 341, &c,

% See the Illustrations to Chapter II., p. 65.

INTRODUCTION. 39

ten similar round articles of terra-cotta in the form of the top or volcano, which are preserved in the Museum of Modena, and were found in the terramares of that district, in the lake-habitations of the stone age. To my extreme astonishment, I found that six of them possessed the same ornamental carvings which I found upon the articles of the same form here in Troy. Three of them have a circle round the central sun, a triple cross, which, as I have endeavoured minutely to explain in my sixth memoir, was the symbol of the two pieces of wood of our Aryan forefathers for producing the holy fire, and is an emblem of the highest importance. The fourth represents one of these machines for producing fire with five ends, and Indian scholars may possibly find that one of the staves represents the piece of wood called " pramantha," with which fire was generated by friction, and which the Greeks at a later time transformed into their Prometheus, who, as they imagined, stole fire from heaven. The fifth re- presents a somewhat different form of the fire producer of our remote ancestors ; and the sixth has twelve circles round the central sun. Probably these are the twelve stations of the sun which are so frequently mentioned in the Rigveda, and which are personified by the twelve Adityas, the sons of Adity (the Indivisible or Infinite Space), and represent the twelve signs of the Zodiac.

The same friend has also sent me drawings of eighteen similar round terra-cottas found in the graves of the cemetery in Villanova, and now in the Museum of Count Gozzadini in Bologna. As the count found an " aes rude " in one of the graves, he thinks that the cemetery, like it, belongs to the time of King Numa, that is, to about 700 years before Christ. G. de Mortillet,* however, ascribes a much greater age to the cemetery. But, at all events, fifteen of the eighteen drawings lying before

• Le Signe de la Croix,' pp. 88-89.

40 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

me have a modern appearance compared with the ten in the Museum of Modena, and compared with my small terra-cottas in the form of tops, volcanoes, and wheels, found in Troy; for not only the decorations, but the forms also of the articles are very much more elaborate. Only three of the eighteen articles show a shape and decorations like those met with in Troy. All three have the form of a top : the first has seven suns in a circle round the central sun ; the second has two crosses, one of which is formed by four stars, the other by four lines. The third has five triangles and five stars in the circle round the central point. The comparison of these eighteen articles with those from Troy convinces me that Count Gozzadini is right in ascribing no greater age to the cemetery of Villanova than 700 b.c

But besides the articles ornamented with religious symbols, we meet in Troy with thousands of terra-cottas of a similar, but in most cases more lengthened form, with no decorations whatever; at a depth of 3 metres (jo feet), they occur also in the shape of cones. * Formerly, at a depth of 10 feet, I found similar pieces in blue or green stone, which I have also recently met with fre- quently at a depth of from 23 to 2>3 feet. Among the unembellished terra-cottas of this description I find some, but scarcely more than 2 per cent., which show signs of wear, and may have been used on spindles. The pieces adorned with carvings, on the other hand, never show signs of any kind of wear, and the symbols engraved upon them are filled with white clay so as to make them more striking to the eye.f This white clay must have dis-

;:' See the Sections of Plain Whorls, PI. XXL, Nos. 436-440.

t This statement needs considerable qualification. The notes on M. Burnoufs drawings, supplied by Dr. Schliemann for this book, frequently describe the decorated whorls as worn and rubbed, especially on the under side and at the point, in some cases " by a circular motion." AH this strongly favours the hypothesis of their use for spindles. — [Ed. i

INTRODUCTION. 41

appeared directly, if the pieces had been used on spindles or as coins. They cannot have been worn as amulets, on account of their size and weight : I am therefore forced to believe that they were employed as offerings, or that they were worshipped as idols of the Sun, whose image is seen in the centre.

Unfortunately, owing to the great extent of my exca- vations, the hurry in which they were carried on, and the hardness of the debris, by far the greater portion of the terra-cotta vessels found by me in the depths of Ilium were brought out more or less broken. But everything that could in any way be repaired I have restored by means of shell-lac and gypsum, and in this state they are represented in the drawings.* In all cases where I found a piece broken off and wanting, I restored it according to the model of other vessels of the same kind which I obtained in an unbroken condition ; but where such models were wanting, or where I had the slightest doubt, I did not attempt to restore the articles.

The town of Ilium, upon whose site I have been digging for more than three years, boasted itself to be the successor of Troy ; and as throughout antiquity the belief in the identity of its site with that of the ancient city of Priam was firmly established and not doubted by anyone, it is clear that the whole course of tradition confirms this identity. At last Strabo lifted up his voice against it ; though, as he himself admits, he had never visited the Plain of Troy, and he trusted to the accounts of Demetrius of Scepsis, which were suggested by vanity. According to Strabo, \ this Demetrius maintained that his native town of Scepsis had been the residence of ^Eneas, and he envied Ilium the honour of having been the

* These restorations are indicated in the engravings by light shading.

t XIII. i., p. 122, Tauehnitz edition.

42 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

metropolis of the Trojan kingdom. He therefore put forward the following view of the case : — that Ilium and its environs did not contain space enough for the great deeds of the Iliad ; that the whole plain which separated the city from the sea was alluvial land, and that it was not formed until after the time of the Trojan war. As another proof that the locality of the two cities could not be the same, he adds that Achilles and Hector ran three times round Troy, whereas one could not run round Ilium on account of the continuous mountain ridge (Sia ttjp avveyfj pdxrjv). For all of these reasons he says that ancient Troy must be placed on the site of the " Village of the Ilians " flAxeW Kcofxr)), 30 stadia or 3 geographical miles from Ilium and 42 stadia from the coast, although he is obliged to admit that not the faintest trace of the city has been preserved. *

Strabo, with his peculiarly correct judgment, would assuredly have rejected all these erroneous assertions of Demetrius of Scepsis, had he himself visited the Plain of Troy, for they can easily be refuted.

I have to remark that it is quite easy to run round the site of Troy ; further, that the distance from Ilium to the coast, in a straight line, is about 4 miles, while the distance in a straight line north-west to the promontory of Sigeum (and at this place tradition, as late as Strabo's time, fixed the site of the Greek encampment) amounts to about 4^ miles. For Strabo says :f " Next to Rhceteum may be seen the ruined town of Sigeum, the port of the Achaeans, the Achaean camp, and the marsh or lake called Stomalimne, and the mouth of the Scamander."

In November, 1871, 1 made excavations upon the site of the " 'I\ieW KtofjLrj" the results of which completely refute the theory of Demetrius of Scepsis ; for I found everywhere

Strabo, XIII. 1., i>. 99. Sec the Map of the Plain of Troy. t XIII. i.. p. 103.

INTRODUCTION. 43

the primary soil at a depth of less than a foot and a half; and the continuous ridge on the one side of the site, which appeared to contain the ruins of a large town-wall, con- sisted of nothing but pure granulated earth, without any admixture of ruins.

In the year 1788, Lechevalier visited the plain of Troy, and was so enthusiastically in favour of the theory that the site of Homer's Troy was to be found at the village of Bunarbashi and the heights behind it, that he disdained to investigate the site of Ilium : this is evident from his work 'Voyage de la Troade' (3" ed., Paris, 1802) and from the accompanying map, in which he most absurdly calls this very ancient town " Ilium Novum," and transposes it to the other side of the Scamander, beside Kumkaleh, close to the sea and about 4 miles from its true position. This theory, that the site of Troy can only be looked for in the village of Bunarbashi and upon the heights behind it, was likewise maintained by the following scholars : by Rennell, ' Observations on the Topography of the Plain of Troy ' (London, 1814); by P. W. Forchhammer in the 'Journal of the Royal Geographical Society,' vol. xii., 1842; by Mauduit, ' Decouvertes clans la Troade' (Paris et Londres, 1840); by Welcker, ' Kleine Schriften ;' by Texier ; by Choiseul-GoufTrier, ' Voyage Pittoresque de la Grece ' (1820) ; by M. G. Nikola'ides (Paris, 1867) ; and by Ernst Curtius in his lecture delivered at Berlin in November, 1871, after his journey to the Troad and Ephesus, whither he was accompanied by Professors Adler and Miillenhof, and by Dr. Hirschfeldt. But, as I have explained in detail in my work, ' Ithaque, le Peloponnese et Troie ' (Paris, 1869), this theory is in every respect in direct opposition to all the statements of the Iliad. My excavations at Bunarbashi prove, moreover, that no town can ever have stood there ; for I find everywhere the pure virgin soil at a depth of less than 5 feet, and generally immediately below the surface. I have likewise proved, by my excavations on

44 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

the heights behind this village, that human dwellings can never have existed there; for I found the native rock nowhere at a greater depth than a foot and a half. This is further confirmed by the sometimes pointed, sometimes abrupt, and always anomalous form of the rocks which are seen wherever they are not covered with earth. At half-an- hour's distance behind Bunarbashi there is, it is true, the site of quite a small town, encircled on two sides by precipices and on the other bv the ruins of a surrounding- wall, which town I formerly considered to be Scaman- dria; but one of the inscriptions found in the ruins of the temple of Athena in the Ilium of the Greek colony makes me now believe with certainty that the spot above Bunarbashi is not the site of Scamandria, but of Gergis. Moreover, the accumulation of debris there is extremely insignificant, and the naked rock protrudes not only in the small Acropolis, but also in very many places of the site of the little town. Further, in all cases where there is an accumulation of debris^ I found fragments of Hellenic pottery, and of Hellenic pottery only, down to the primary soil. As archaeology cannot allow the most ancient of these fragments to be any older than from 500 to 600 years before Christ, the walls of the small town — which used to be regarded as of the same age as those of Mycenas — can certainly be no older than 500 to 600 b.c. at most.

Immediately below this little town there are three tombs of heroes, one of which has been assigned to Priam, another to Hector, because it was built entirely of small stones. The latter grave was laid open in October 1872, by Sir John Lubbock, who found it to contain nothing but painted fragments of Hellenic pottery to which the highest date that can be assigned is 300 b.c ; and these fragments tell us the age of the tomb likewise.

The late Consul J. G. von Hahn, who in May 1864, in his extensive excavations of the acropolis of Gergis

INTRODUCTION. 45

down to the primary soil, only discovered the same, and nothing but exactly the same, fragments of Hellenic pottery as I found there in my small excavations, writes in his pamphlet, ' Die Ausgrabungen des Homerischen Per- gamos :' " In spite of the diligent search which my com- panions and I made on the extensive northern slope of the Balidagh, from the foot of the acropolis (of Gergis) to the springs of Bunarbashi, we could not discover any indication beyond the three heroic tombs, that might have pointed to a former human settlement, not even antique fragments of pottery and pieces of brick, — those never-failing, and con- sequently imperishable, proofs of an ancient settlement. No pillars or other masonry, no ancient square stones, no quarry in the natural rock, no artificial levelling of the rock ; on all sides the earth was in its natural state and had not been touched by human hands."

The erroneous theory which assigns Troy to the heights of Bunarbashi could, in fact, never have gained ground, had its above-named advocates employed the few hours which they spent on the heights, and in Bunarbashi itself, in making small holes, with the aid of even a single workman.

Clarke and Barker Webb (Paris, 1844) maintained that Troy was situated on the hills of CJiiplak. But unfor- tunately they also had not given themselves the trouble to make excavations there ; otherwise they would have convinced themselves, with but very little trouble, that all the hills in and around Chiplak, as far as the surrounding Wall of Ilium, contain only the pure native soil.

H. N. Ulrichs * maintains that Troy was situated on the hills of Atzik-Kioi, which in my map I have called Eski Akshi koi. But I have examined these hills also, and found that they consist of the pure native soil. I used a spade in making these excavations, but a pocket-knife would have answered the purpose.

Rheinisches Museum,' Neue Folge, III., s. 573-608.

46 TROY AND ITS REMAINS.

I cannot conceive how it is possible that the solution of the great problem, " ubi Troja fuit" — which is surely one of the greatest interest to the whole civilized world — should have been treated so superficially that, after a few hours' visit to the Plain of Troy, men have sat down at home and written voluminous works to defend a theory, the worth- lessness of which they would have perceived had they but made excavations for a single hour.

I am rejoiced that I can mention with praise Dr. Wilhelm Buchner,* Dr. G. von Eckenbrecher, j* and C. MacLaren, J who, although they made no excavations, have nevertheless in their excellent treatises proved by many irrefutable arguments that the site of Ilium, where I have been digging for more than three years, corresponds with all the statements of the Iliad in regard to the site of Troy, and that the ancient city must be looked for there and nowhere else.

It is also with gratitude that I think of the great German scholar, who unfortunately succumbed five years ago to his unwearied exertions, Julius Braun, the advocate of the theory that Homer's Troy was to be found only on the site of Ilium, in the depths of the hill of Hissarlik. I most strongly recommend his excellent work, 'Die Ge- schichte der Kunst in ihrem Entwickelungsgang,' to all those who are interested in whatever is true, beautiful and sublime.

Neither can I do otherwise than gratefully mention my honoured friend, the celebrated Sanscrit scholar and un- wearied investigator Emile Burnouf, the Director of the

* ' Jahresbericht iiber das Gymnasium Fridericianum,' Scbwerin, 1 87 1 und 1872.

t ' Rbeiniscbes Museum,' Neue Folge, 2. Jabrg., s. 1 fy.

'I ' Dissertation on tbe Topography of tbe Trojan "War.' Edinburgh, 1822. Second Edition. 'The Plain of Troy described,' &c. 1863. Dr. Schliemann might have added the weighty authority of Mr. Grote, ' History of Greece,' vol. i., chap. xv. — [Ed.]

INTRODUCTION. 47

French school in Athens, who personally, and through his many excellent works, especially the one published last year, ' La Science des Religions,' has given me several sugges- tions, which have enabled me to decipher many of the Trojan symbols. *

It is also with a feeling of gratitude that I think of my honoured friend, the most learned Greek whom I have ever had the pleasure of knowing, Professor Stephanos Kom- manoudes, in Athens, who has supported me with his most valuable advice whenever I was in need of it. In like manner I here tender my cordial thanks to my honoured friend the Greek Consul of the Dardanelles, G. Dokos, who showed me many kindnesses during my long ex- cavations.

I beg to draw especial attention to the fact that, in the neighbourhood of Troy, several types of very ancient pottery— like those found in my excavations at a depth of from 10 to 33 feet — have been preserved down to the present day. For instance, in the crockery-shops on the shores of the Dardanelles there are immense numbers of earthen vessels with long upright necks and the breasts of a woman, and others in the shape of animals. In spite of their gilding and other decorations, these vessels cannot, either in regard to quality or elegance of form, be compared with the Ilian terra-cottas, not even with those from a depth of 10 feet ; but still they furnish a remarkable proof of the fact that, in spite of manifold political changes, certain types of terra-cottas can continue in existence in one district for more than 3000 years.

After long and mature deliberation, I have arrived at the firm conviction that all of those vessels — -met with here in great numbers at a depth of from 10 to 33 feet, and

* Dr. Emile Burnouf has published