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THE AMERICAN MUSEUM
JOURNAL
EDITED BY MARY CYNTHIA DICKERSON
VOLUME XV, I9I15
\ NEW YORK CITY
Published from October to June, by THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
1915
An illustrated magazine devoted to the advancement of Natural His- tory, the recording of scientific research, exploration and discovery, and the development of museum exhibition and museum influence in education. Contributors are men eminent in these fields, including the scientific staff, explorers and members of the American Museum
FREE TO MEMBERS OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
PRINTED BY THE COSMOS PRESS CAMBRIDGE, MASS. 1915
CONTENTS OF VOLUME XV
JANUARY TMP ALATIOLOMG aM all SACL. ofc sites ys occ a csca is Sle else ai sh is ys, aothste Wt etalobavelene ayes «ee sys ArtTHUR A. ALLEN Appreciation of Theodore Nicholas Gill............ 20... 0. cece eee eee eee FrepERIc A. Lucas ihe Makine of a Hur-Seal Census. ..52i32:¢5522502...2. 5226-008 GrEORGE ARCHIBALD CLARK HGR CO LITIOS HOS. Of G.CINTMOlLOR Yao caw. ove. ole ote le eke ie setae. eel send vote oes a evens ue tehedents c caiee L. P. Gratacap Mam MramMatizer CONSCEVatlOM sn ie cols ches aie s siuteta ol ekecc mine ee side coe ee oer WINTHROP PacKARD He O@row INCIAnESUn DANCE... Se le ok ciel Meise wie) chek eraund sie es winter ae Rosert H. Lowir Educational Motion Pictures in Natural History..................... Raymonp L. Ditmars FEBRUARY PATINA SO MO CT GHA ETA Zl ve Phe cds te ete cee ates: s+ cuore Santee e Seeseh ewes wrens reene THEODORE ROOSEVELT The Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition...................0.00eeeeee seus L. E. MiLuer Roosevelt’s Through the Brazilian Wilderness— A Review.........5....-020e cece J. A. ALLEN Guardinesthe Health of Armies) tia. ace. Woe coe epee tee se Gust eins oe C.-E. A. WINSLOW Home: Songs of the Lewa, Indians)... 5.26 is ee es ce es ee ee ea ee ee HERBERT J. SPINDEN Memories of Professor Albert S. Bickmore....:.............0 2 ee eaeecneveee L. P. GRavTAcaP Marcu TAO VEU EC TH AT steeds eee ne chia ee RMR Ole LEIS CREE reac deer eNOS Arc errar ican aC R ons. “ace i Seton ART est uma, Sart Reece INITIO UC ATI CLT ATI ATL COS pep e colies ic, Stn tite eietraglet scies ateriet cen wcstteyeuetnie: ettar cas) steestamhr ounce ahs Rosert H. Lowi1e Indian Dancesiin the SOUtHWEeSU: . o% duh cece cee oe ks hae ee oes eee ele HERBERT J. SPINDEN Thex@onversavion: Of JOH. IWIN ss acs 2 2s el qrayn's = ewe ee ee eae scale: a MELVILLE B. ANDERSON NVALHOS CeLANSSOM-in' (HE WATCUIC! 2, ec ceche cut cranes Gohe es Gosre cect eens Glee aye aye Burt M. McConne.u The Geographical Results of the Roosevelt-Rondon Expedition.............. W. L. G. JorrRG Daniel Giraud’ lot —-A- Biographical Sketch: =. 7.0424 2... asc tah. = 6 w= «+ waveneiaseususyorele. a teensueteveuens APRIL Portraits of Joon Burroughs: Naturalistiand Author... 2 cn os 6 3 cee oe ect isieten cit eesse cate alee e ears Euntineerher Atri cane UttalOt ety en qyencrs icles aes toe sient een aly ac alae aayial seen Caru E. AKELEY The ‘‘Toad Group” in the American Museum................... Mary Cynruita DIcKERSON Aquarelles of our Common Woodlands............-..... 0.2 cee e ee eeee WarrREN H. MILLER Birdepavhssand: Drinking BOOS, - 3-4-1. cise ct ite freee yee use wie tease © Ernest Haroutp BayNneEs Motionsbicture, Records/of Indians: . 4 .<aenoce ee ce te ole ae Glee ee ele Puiny E. Gopparp August Weismann, Zodlogist: an Appreciation........................-. FrankK R. LILuiEe IMOLezanswHieredity aids Ser. Se ROVICW). 10. ).le rw) teeta eit allel ssid leitelee ewer E. G. ConxLIN Note on the Crocker Land Expedition Ship........................45. GerorGE H. SHERWOOD May OTOL US Hea ae cae oh cred Clee eet E ree ie, KN SE Shape teu sleet ait Anatoa ne bamele altel Bptleyes ase. © Petre wees BSNS Care mem et Oxyecenvanade water On! Wars) pe ats ews chcc we tae Score ots sik tate epee elo ata Wcofetnattalio fa taloy ae PercivaL LOWELL The sehovorrann in) AStroMOnLy . wets Satecns uate aie a eto ter baeueneret eter Sete eewone E. C. ‘SitipHEeR Louis Agassiz Fuertes — Painter of Bird Portraits....................... FranK M. CHAPMAN TMheysPenguinsior South: GeOLeia.. <= <r. acco Meee sie tens ates, aus arene) ieeueh RosBeERT CusHMAN Murpuy Muropeant@av.esrand Marly Mian 35 Siz a seve states dene, o henatia, oe be cetertelete aif antes thy eto eneMentenetaies N. C. NELSON Hishes Ole thers eCOpn (SCas «see thoded soe acetone: shave sO oe viertleeteslateda ine co Shetey euaile, boas Sens L. Hussakor Wolcanoesion the Wesser Amtilless |. 072% Suey. heal tne me Gree) Aerelfayre: seaencpeueh a) sre ejioy ehatte te EpmuND OmT1s Hovey Ground-Sloth: fromva Cave: in ‘Patagonia. see... -62 <2 bo. @ noe ee alee W. D. Matraew Somaikoli “Dance: ate SiCHUMOWI es vpsia 4 doe ee eqns eaters wi Ae eneun 2 ys she de F. S. Dr._LeENBAUGH OcTOBER Series ofRecent Miiseuin (Growps's: sic <b cys ie hie ce seek teat olive sel e lelia caus psngacellanusseltis eheushalisbrs tatetantepeteys Tyrannosaurus, the Largest Flesh-eating Animal that Ever Lived............ BarNuM Brown IT GSVOLsbHE MACON GOR pepe nee sche, eas eis rates i ahaha Nee gnats ea ele aces Rees James P. CHAPIN Reproductions in Duotone of African Photographs...................2.00000eeeeee opposite MnevEraliohawariie Vi deed OMNIA arasrc clone cee core saat kaya) =, abe cee wees) clean Sie Davip STARR JORDAN Mhe-Pensuins of South! ‘Georgiass «2 - ast sens =) ee) orale oes Rospert CusHMAN MurRpuHY Ancient Goldy Art:-im-the New WOrld!s 1s ---. 4 tects oe ee lo sho aah e Saenen ee eye HERBERT J. SPINDEN Brederic. Ward. Putnam S39 19a as hae ie cess ees ne tate oe deiarcie aiieteeelmseaes CLARK WISSLER NOVEMBER Biephant Hunting on Mount Kenya... js-i96-02-6 +. a] 2 lee Riel one Caru E. AKELEY Reproductions in Duotone of Antarctic Photographs................. 0.0. e eee ee eee opposite whe Stefansson. Hxpedition of IOUS to 1915. ooo. t. kei te ese ne A. W. GREELY imephexsEomexot the: Hopisindian® ..2 5 6.0.45 saute ane oe aes Gee ste &: @ sien epeleoe airs CLARK WISSLER Beeamnines of INabural MaIstory:. .... ft vepetn<isv Sn eee a aera eeae le cone Cuarues R. HastMan Honiton OL ATM Scan GA TIMOR aso: s ero na) ecetieretteae seas ie eeorene goer een enmsiny 4 foto e any crepe ies BasHFrorD D8AN Tsimshian Stories in Carved Wood................ 0c cece eee eee eee GerorGsE T. Emmons Explonnewas Spur Ob the eANGes: 5 seco syctec wheres Oiiced cenandinin shake taneisie See «rela s siete Leo E. MILueR
103 117 123 129 133
146 151 163 167 176 185 189 194 195
202 207 211 221 225 237 249 254 256 256
266 271 281 292 293 301 307 315
323 338 339 343 349 357 363 367
DrEcEMBER
An, Hxplorer's) Viewsor thet Congo... 2.2.5. 2 ss © census eae ete ciel efenebel ota c) > = Hersert Lane 379 Reproductions in Duotone of African Photographs..................2..00ceeeeeeenes opposite 388 Ancient O@ities: ol. iNew --MGxiCO: | 2c./052 acl ee eee ne ee tee Wore (2 stone N. C. NeEtson 389 Explorations in the Southwest by the American Museum....................-. CuarkK WIsSLER 395 AnimatsyorvBlown Glass, 2 crac cicne.s ce cis aie eR Neo etn clio ean ele fete a Herman O. MUELLER 399 The American Museum's Reptile Groups in Relation to High School Biology..Grorce W. Hunter 405 Hunting Deerin the Adirondacks: «3 < s2tse ie eee es so so cis ois bes 2 Roy CHapMAN ANDREWS 409 News from the ‘Crocker Land: Expedition 149 eceee ts = 2 3 2d oo ale we ese e ee a ane ote 3 oe 415 Beginnings of American wNiatural Historye. see eerie ee es ete ikea Cuar.Les R. Eastman 417 AValuable: New. bird Books, AvReviGWe- meres aoe bls co wie a seem ele T. GILBERT PEARSON 423 Fragments).of ‘Spider 7Wore sieges eines crepe er erence tac 5 Sorter as eet on cite A eee Frank E. Lutz 424 Corythosaurus, the New Duck-billed Dinosaur........ W. D. Mattruew and Barnum Brown 427
ILLUSTRATIONS
African, Natives, insert opp. 292, covers (Oct.), (Dec.), 381-388, Insert opp. 388; Scenes, insert opp. 292
Akeley, Mrs. Carl E., 337
Andes, 368, 369, 370, 371
Armies, Diet of, 66, 67, 69, 70, 71
Arms and Armor, 356, 359, 360, 362
Bad lands, Cretaceous, 275, 276, 277, 278
Baynes, Ernest Harold, 422
Bird, baths, 176, 178, 181, 182, traits, 220, 223, 224, insert opp. 224, cover (May); Congo birds, 282-291
Buffalo, African, 152, 159, 160, 161
Burroughs, John, 146, 147, 148, 149, 150
Brazil, Animals of, 38-47, 65, back and front covers (Feb.)
Brazil, Central, Map, 129
183, 184; Por-
Caves, of Early Man, 236-247, back cover (May)
Chapin, J. P., 204
Comet, a 1910, 215
Congo, birds, 282—291; Forest, 280, 283, 284; Grass country, 285; Natives of, 381-388, insert opp. 388, front cover (Dec.)
Conservation, Dramatizing, 21
Deming, E. W., 91
Deer, Hunting, 409-414; Whitetailed, of Adiron- dacks, back cover (Dec.)
Doubt, River of, 35, 36, 37, 63
Duck, Labrador, 136
Elephant Hunting on Mount Kenya, 322, 323, 325, 326, 327, 330, 333, 334, 335, 336, 338 Elliot, D. G., opp. 133, 134, 135
Fishes, Deep Sea, 248, 252, 253
Fuertes, Louis Agassiz, 205
Fur-seals, 12, 13, 15, 16, back and front covers (Jan.)
Gemmology, Curiosities of, 18, opp. 20
Gill, Theodore Nicholas, 9
Glass, Blown, Animals of, 399-403
Goldwork, Ancient, 306, 308, 309, 310, 311, 312, 429
Great Auk, back cover (Mar.)
Groups, Museum, 266-270, 342-347, 405, 408, 430
Hornaday, W. T., 202
iv
Hygiene, Military, 66-71
Indian, dance costumes, 94; Crow, Sun-Dance, 23, 24; Dances, 95, 101, insert opp. 102; 103-115; cover (Mar.)
Indians, Apache, 185, 186, 187; Hopi, 341, 345, 346; Nhambiquara, 62; Parecis, 56, 57, 59, 61; Pueblo, opp. 78; Taos, 78, insert opp. 718; Tewa, 73, 76, 77
Katydid, 26 Lang, Herbert, 203, 378
Macedonia, 293, 295, 296, 297
Mawson, Antarctic expedition, insert opp. 338, cover (Dec.)
Mawson, Sir Douglas, 93
Muir, John, 116, 121
Natural History, 417-420 New Mexico, Ancient Cities of, 389-398
Early Illustrations, 348-355;
Paraguay River, Along the, 48, 51, 52, 58
Planets, 211, 212, 213, 214, 216, 217, 218
Peary, R. E.. 92
Penguins, 206, 225, 227, 228, 229, 230, 231, 233, 235; 301-305; Penguin group, 430
Portuguese Man-of-war, 199
Putnam, F. W., 314
Red Deer River, Alberta, 279
Rhinoceros, African, 157, 318.
Rondon, Colonel, 34, 43
Roosevelt, Theodore, 34. 35, 36, 38, 41, 43, 45, 46, 49, cover (Jan.)
Santa Isabel, Paramo of, 2, 4, 5, 6,7 Stuart, R. L., 137
Taos, Mountains, 72, insert opp. 78
Taylor, W. S., 90
Telescope, Lowell Observatory, 208, 210
Toad group, back and front cover (April), 162, 164, 165, 166, insert opp. 166; 168-174, 405
Tsimshian, carved wood, 364
Tyrannosaurus 270, 273, 274, 276, back cover (Oct.)
Wandorobo, Family of, 156; Guide, 158 Weismann, August, 188
INDEX OF VOLUME XV
Names of contributors are set
Accessions: Anatomy and Physiology, 32 Archeology, 263, 264 Geology, 85, 86, 88 Herpetology, 32, 264, 317 Mammalogy, 87, 144, 200. 320 Mineralogy, 32 Ornithology, 87, 144, 200 Public Health, 32, 144, 376 Vertebrate Paleontology, 32, 86, 373 AKeELEY, Cart E., Elephant Hunting on Mount Kenya, 322-328; Hunting the African Buf- falo, 151-161 Akeley, Carl E., 261, 276, 431 ALLEN, ArtHuR A., The Paramo of Santa Isabel, 3-8 ALLEN, J. A., Roosevelt’s Through the Brazilian Wilderness,— A Review, 64—65 American Association for Advancement of Science, 85, 86, 319 American Ethnological Society, 263 ANDERSON, MeEtyiLite B., The Conversation of John Muir, 116-121 Andes, Exploring the, 367-371 AnpDREws, Roy C., Hunting Deer in the Adiron- dacks, 404-414 Andrews, Roy C., 320, 375 Anthony, H. E., 83, 144, 200, 259 Antilles, Lesser, Volcanoes of, 254—255 Appointments, 144, 259, 319, 373 Aquarelles, Common Woodland, 167—175 Armies, Guarding Health of, 66-71 Armor, Arms and, 356-362; Riggs Collection of, 84 Astronomy, the Photograph in, 210-219 Audubon Societies, National Association of, 320 Audubon, John James, 31; Eliza M., 31
Baker, George F., 142
Ball, D. S., 259
BayYNEs, Ernest Haro tp, Bird Baths and Drink- ing Pools, 176-184
Baynes, E. H., 431
Bears, 258
Bell, J C., 31
Berkey, Charles P., 30, 197
Bickmore, Albert S., 29, 79-82
Bird Baths and Drinking Pools, 176—184
Bliss, William H., 143
Bourn, W. B., 319
Brazil, Central, Animals of, 34-47
Britton, N. L., 30
Brown, Barnum, Corythosaurus, the New Duck- billed Dinosaur, 427-428; Tyrannosaurus, the Largest Flesh-eating Animal that ever Lived, 271-279
Brown, Barnum, 86, 374
Bryant, W. L., 86
Buffalo, African, Hunting the, 151-161
Burroughs, John, 142, 196
Byerley, Frank M., 34, 144
Cary, William de la Montagne, 320
in small capitals
Caves, European, and Early Man, 236-247
CuapPIin, J. P., Birds of the Congo, 280-292
Chapin, J. P., 148, 196, 431
CHAPMAN, FranK M., Louis Agassiz Fuertes — Painter of Bird Portraits, 220-224
Choate, J. A., 29, 142
Churchill, Mrs. William, 320
Clark, B. Preston, 428.
CuLaRK, GEORGE ARCHIBALD, The Making of a Fur-seal Census, 12—17
Climate, Evolution of, 258
Collections: Colombian, 200; Congo, 143, 197; Mexican, 32; Panama, 259; Peruvian, 32, 142, Pampean, 432.
Coles, Russell J., 31, 262
Congo, Birds of, 200—292; 379-388
Conkuin, E. G., Morgan’s Heredity A Review, 194
Conservation, to Dramatize, 21—22
Contents, Table of, 1, 33, 89, 145, 201, 265, 321, Se
Corythosaurus, 427-428
Crampton, Henry E., 432
Crawford, M. D. C., 142
Crocker Land Expedition, 415-416
Curtis, Edward S., 84
Cuyler, Thomas De Witt, 142
Explorer's View of,
and Sex,
Dances, American Indian, 94—102; Indian, in the Southwest, 103-115; Somaikoli, 256—258 Dean, Basurorp, Evolution of Arms and Armor, 356-362
Dean, Bashford, 319
De Angulo, Jaime, 319
Deer, Hunting, 409-414
Dellenbaugh, F. S., Somaikoli Dance at Sichu- movi, 256—258
Deming, E. W., 84, 142, 261
Devilfish, 31
Dickerson, Mary Cyntuia, The Toad Group in the American Museum, 162—166
Dickerson, M. C., 374, 406
Dirmars, Raymonp L., Educational Pictures in Natural History, 26-28
Dodge, Cleveland H., 29, 142, 319
Dodo, 373
Douglas, James, 142
Douglas, R., 264
Motion
Eastman, C. R., Beginnings of American Natural History, 348-355, 417-421
Education, Public, 83, 142, 143, 144, 196, 198, 261
Elephant, Hunting, 322-328
Elliot, Daniel Giraud, 142; Sketch of, 133-141
Emmons, GrorGE T., Tsimshian Stories in Carved Wood, 363-366
Eno, Amos F., 429
Exhibitions, 31, 32, 84, 85, 86, 87, 88, 197, 319, 320
Expeditions: Australasian-Antarctic, motion pic- tures, 373; Collins-Day South American, 29, 319; Colorado, 258; Crocker Land. 195—
433
Bibliographical
434
196; 415-416; Isthmus of Darien, 259; Roosevelt South American, 48-63; 128, 132, 260; Stefansson, 317, 339-341; Townsend
‘‘Albatross,’’ 376; Congo, 143, 196, 281, 379, 431
Farrand, Livingston, 261
Fisher, G. C., 375
Fishes, Deep Sea, 248-253
Ford, Henry, 142, 196
Fuertes, Louis A., 221—224 Fur-seal Census, Making of, 12—17
Garner, Richard L., 376
Gemmology, Curiosities of, 8-20
Gifts: 85, 86, 142, 143, 196, 259, 262, 264, 317, 320, 374, 428, 429
Gill, Theodore Nicholas, Appreciation of, 9-11
Glass, Blowing, 399-404 .
Gopparp, Puiiny E., Motion Picture Records of Indians, 185-187
Goddard, Pliny E., 86, 261
Goeldi Museum, Para, 144, 260
Gold Art, Ancient, 306-313, 429
Goldfarb, A. J., 374
Granger, Walter, 86
Gratacap, L. P., The Curiosities of Gemmology, 18-20; Memories of Prof. Albert S. Bick- more, 79-82
Gratacap, L. P., 29, 375
Greety, A. W., The Stefansson Expedition of 1913-1915
Gregory, William K., 86
Ground-Sloth, 256
Groups, Museum, 87,143, 162—166, 200, 264, 320,
405-407, 431
Halter, Clarence R., 264
Harper, Francis, 144
Heredity and Sex, Morgan, Review of, 194
High School Biology, 405—407
Hill, Prentice B., 259, 432
Holder, C. F.. 374
Hornaday, William T., 260
Horticultural Society of New York, 374
Hovey, EpmuNnp Oris, Volcanoes of the Lesser Antilles, 254-255
Hovey, E. O., 83
Howe, Marshall A., 30
Hrdli¢ka, A., 198
Hubbard, Thomas H., 264
Hunter, G. W., Reptile and Amphibian Groups in relation to High School Biology, 405-407
Hussaxkor L., Fishes of the Deep Sea, 249-253
Hussakof, L., 86
Ichikawa, F. S., 31
Indians, 31, 84, 85, 88, 142, 143; American, Dances of, 94-102; Crow Sun dance, 23-25; Dances in Southwest, 103-115; Hopi, 342— 347; Motion picture records of, 185-187; Tewa, Home Songs of, 72-78
Iselin, Adrian, 142
Ivins, Mrs. William M., 320
Jennings, Herbert S., 431
Jewett, W. Kennon, 319
Job, Herbert K., 320
Jorre, W. L. G., Geographical Results of the Roosevelt-Rondon Expedition, 128-132
INDEX OF VOLUME XV
Joline, Mrs. A. H., 375
JORDAN, Davin Starr, The Trail of War in Mace- donia, 293-300
Juilliard, A. D., 85, 317
Kligler, I. J., 86 Kroeber, A. L., 26, 41, 320 Kunz, George F., 86, 375, 432
Lane, Hersert, An Explorer’s View of the Congo, 379-388
Lang, Herbert, 259
Lange, Algot, 432
Lanier, Charles, 142
Laysan Island Group, 320
Lectures: 29, 31, 32, 83, 85, 142, 148, 144, 197, 375, 431
Leng, Charles W., 264
Lituiz, Frank R., Appreciation of August Weis- mann, Zodlogist, 189-193
Loans, 375
Longley, George C., 374
Lowett, Percivat, Oxygen and Water on Mars, 207-209
Lowir, Rosert A., American Indian Dances, 94— 101; The Crow Indian Sun Dance, 23-25
Lowie, R. H., 86, 262, 319, 376
Lucas, Freperic A., Appreciation of Theodore Nicholas Gill, 9-11
Lueas, Frederic A., 319
Luschan, Felix von, 29
Lutz, Franx E., Fragments of Spider Lore, 424— 426
Lutz, Frank E., 30, 32, 86, 259, 264, 375
Lydekker, Richard, 263
Macedonia, Trail of War in, 293-300
Mars, Oxygen and Water on, 206-209
Mather, Stephen Tyng, 319
Marruew, W. D., Corythosaurus, the New Duck- - billed Dinosaur, 427-428; Ground-Sloth from a Cave in Patagonia, 256
Matthew, W. D., 86, 258, 319
Mawson, Sir Douglas, 30, 83
Mayer, A. G., 259
MecConne.tu, Burt M., With Stefansson in the Arctic, 122-127
McCormick, Howard, 31, 200, 264
McGregor, J. Howard, 198
Mead, Charles W., 261
Members, 29, 83, 142, 198, 259, 372, 428
Men of the Old Stone Age, H. F. Osborn, 30, 429
Mendelian Heredity, Exhibit, 260
Merriam, John C., 320
Mexico, Antiquities of, Lord Kingsboro, 376
Miuter, L. E., Exploring a Spur of the Andes, 367-371; The Roosevelt-Rondon Expedition, 48-63
Miller, Leo E., 200
MiILuerR, WARREN H., Aquarelles of our Common Woodlands, 167-175
Mills, Ogden, 376
Miner, Roy W., 30, 87, 259
Morgan, J. P., 142
Moriori, Skull, 374
Morris, E. H., 258
Mosquito, Models of, 200
Motion-pictures, Educational, 26-28
Move .ter, H. O., Animals of Blown Glass, 399- 404
INDEX OF VOLUME XV
Mueller, H. O., 259, 376
Muir, John, Conversation of, 116-121
Murie, James R., 264, 320
MoureHy Rosert Cusuman, The Penguins of South Georgia, 225-235; 301-305
Museum Notes, 29-32; 83-88; 142-144; 196— 200; 258-264; 317-320, 372-376, 428-432
Mutchler, A. J., 259, 375
National Academy of Sciences, 372, 431
Natural History, Beginnings of American, 348— 355; 417-421
Netson, N. C., Ancient Cities of New Mexico, 389-394; European Caves and Early Man, 236-247
Nelson, N. C., 30, 86, 258, 261, 320
New Mexico, Ancient Cities of, 389-398; Field work in, 30
New York Academy of Sciences, 30, 83, 144, 198, 200, 258, 261, 263, 374, 375, 432
New York Aquarium, 258
New York Botanical Garden, 317
Nichols, J. T., 30
Norton, Frederick G., 258
Operti, Albert, 143
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 29, 30, 86, 142, 198, 319, 429
Osburn, Raymond C., 259, 263, 376, 428
Osgood, Wilfred H., 144
PacKaRpD, WinTHROP, To Dramatize Conserva- tion, 21-22
Pacoval, Island, 432
Pampean, collection, Cope, 432
Panama-Pacific Exposition, 83, 262, 264, 319
Pan-American, Congress, 372
Pearson, T. Gitpert, A Valuable New Bird Book, 423
Peary, Robert E., 143, 198
Penguins, South Georgia, 225-235; 301-305
Penguin group, 431
Percy, Lord William, 200
Peruvian, Collections, 32, 142; Metal industries, 262
Porto Rico Survey, 200, 259, 264, 375, 432
Portuguese Man-of-war, 198
Pottery, prehistoric, 432
Publications, Museum, 32, 142, 262, 264
Putnam, Frederic Ward, 314-317
Radin, Paul, 261
435 Reeds, Chester A., 86, 259, 432 Rivers, W. H. R., 262 Roosfvevtt, THroporre, Animals of Central
Brazil, 34-47 Roosevelt, Theodore, 29
Santa Isabel, Paramo of, 3-8
Seton, Ernest Thompson, 32
SHERWOOD, GrorGE H., Note on the Crocker
Land Expedition Ship, 195-196
Skinner, A., 85, 86, 88, 202
Skinner, M. P., 432
SurpHeR, E. C., The Photograph in Astronomy, 211-219
Snethlage, Emilie, 144, 260
Southwestern Anthropological Society, 261
Spider Lore, 424—426
SprinpEN, Herspert J., Ancient Gold Art in the New World, 307-313; Home Songs of the Tewa Indians, 72-78; Indian Dances in the Southwest, 103-115
Spinden, Herbert J., 86
Stead, David G., 144
Stefansson, Vilhjalmur, 85, 317; with, 122-127
Storage System, 261
In the Arctic
Taxidermy, new process in, 431 Taylor, Will S., 143, 261
Toad Group, 162-166, 405-407 Torre, Carlos de la, 86 Trustees, 30, 142
Tsimshian, Stories, 363-366
Vassar, Anniversary, 374
Watson, F. A., 263
Weismann, August. Appreciation of, 188-193
Whale, Sei, 376
Wild Bird Guests, Baynes, — Review of, 423
Wild Life, Protection fund, 260
Wille, N., 30
Winstow, C.-E. A., Guarding the Health of Armies, 66-71
Winslow, C.-E. A., 86, 263, 374
Wisster, Criark, Explorations in the Southwest by the American Museum, 395-398: Fred- eric Ward Putnam, 1839-1915, 314-317; In the Home of the Hopi Indian, 342-347
Wissler, Clark, 86, 320, 432
Young, Mahroni, 31, 200
TAGVS! VLINVS ‘AA TIVA OWV'Vd
THe American Museum JourNAL
VoLuME XV
JANUARY, 1915
NuMBER 1
THE PARAMO OF SANTA ISABEL By Arthur A. Allen
Photographs by the Author and by L. E. Miller
of a few years upon my experi-
ence in the Andes of Colombia, the days spent on the paramos recur most vividly to my mind. The debili- tating weeks in the steaming coastal forests with their parasites and fevers, the long hours in the dugout canoes beneath the blazing vertical sun, the dust of the valley trails, and the lomas with their clouds of locusts pass from me. I forget the interminable silence of the Cloud Forest, its soaking moss and epi- phytes, but as often as memory recurs, comes to me the austere splendor of those stretches of rock and sky, of ridge piled upon ridge, backed by a line of snow and gray cloud and bathed in an atmosphere cool and clean. It was a land of peculiar fascination tome. I recall how we toiled across the paramo of the Valle de Pappas and though at this time so lashed by wind and rain that the trail was visible hardly fifty paces ahead, it still had lost none of its charm. Peaceful as it is during its few months of summer, the Andean paramo is a land of sleet and storm during the rest of the year; indeed
| OOKING through the perspective
Note.— Dr. Arthur A. Allen, a member of the biological staff of Cornell University, was con- nected with the Museum’s expedition in Colombia, from August, 1911 to May, 1912. During this period, in codperation with Mr. Leo E. Miller, he made important collections in the vicinity of the Quindio Trail, and in the little-known region between Popayan and the Valle de Pappas, and San Agustin; also in the Cauca and Atrato val- leys. In the latter region he contracted a severe type of malarial fever which necessitated his re- turn to the United States.
many of the trails even at the equator are closed, and man and beast that attempt to cross are frozen to death.
The paramo of Santa Isabel lies about two days’ journey from Salento, the largest town on the Quindio trail which crosses the central Andes, and on clear days, especially toward dusk, can be seen at several points rising above the forest-capped ridges to an _ altitude between sixteen and seventeen thousand feet. Beyond it and a little to the east
lies the paramo of Ruis, and most magni-
ficent of all, Nevada del Tolima, with its crown of crystal snow gleaming in the rays of the setting sun. Many travelers pass over the trail without ever a glimpse of the snows to the north, seeing only the banks of clouds that obscure even the tops of the moss-forest and hide all but the near distance. The sight of the snows is so unusual even to the natives that with the first lifting of the clouds groups of travelers assemble at the open spots along the trail and discuss the coming of winter.
So it was in the little town of Salento where we happened to be stopping. They manifested great concern over our proposed trip and told us that we must hasten if we would camp on the paramo before the storms set in, when life there would be impossible. So one morning in early September we slung our packs and started for the paramo of Santa Isabel. From Salento the trail to the paramo leads first down into the Boquia
3
Santa Isabel from the Quindio Trail— Cloud Forest in the foreground has more tropical luxuri- ance than the lowland jungles, the trees being burdened with giant vines and they in turn laden
with moss and fern and orchid. timber line at about 12,500 feet
Valley and then follows the river’s meandering course through groves of splendid palms nearly to its source, when it turns abruptly and begins a steep ascent of the mountain side. The palm trees, in scattered groves, continue to nearly nine thousand feet, where the trail begins to zigzag through some _half- cleared country, where the trees have been felled and burned over, and where in be- tween the charred stumps, a few handfuls of wheat have been planted and now wave a golden brown against the black.
And next the Cloud Forest! It is seldom that the traveler’s anticipation of any much heralded natural wonder is realized when he is brought face to face with it. Usually he feels a tinge of dis- appointment and follows it by a close scrutiny of the object before him in search of the grandeur depicted, but not so with the Cloud Forest. It surpasses one’s dreams of tropical luxuriance. It is here rather than in the lowland jungles that nature outdoes herself and crowds every available inch with moss and fern and orchid. 4
Here every twig is a garden
Cloud Forest extends up the mountain side from 9000 feet to
and the moss-laden branches so gigantic that they throw more shade than the leaves of the trees themselves. Giant vines hang to the ground from the hori- zontal branches of the larger trees and in turn are so heavily laden with moss and epiphytes that they form an almost solid wall and present the appearance of a hollow tree trunk fifteen or twenty feet One should pass through this forest during the rainy season to form a true conception of its richness,
in diameter.
although even during the dryest months the variety and abundance of plant life covering every trunk and branch seem beyond belief.
Quite as impressive as is its luxuriance, is its great silence. One walks for hours along its rank trails, sometimes sinking knee-deep in the wet forest mold, and hears no sound. A slight tsip or a buzz of wings in the tree top may tell of the presence of a honey creeper or humming bird, or the weird call of a tinamou or an ant thrush from the dark recesses may startle one, only to leave him the more impressed by the great breathless silence.
THE PARAMO OF
The trail through this forest was new and while perhaps not quite as steep as the old Indian trail, was very difficult in places. Many and led our horses, where the soft mold of the trail seemed insecure and where
times we dismounted
even a slight floundering of the animals might have pitched us down the moun- tain side. Even with such care one
of the mules floundered and before we
SANTA ISABEL 5 change occurs. The trees become
dwarfed, their leaves small and thick, heavily chitinized or covered with thick down, and remind one of the vegetation about. our northern bogs with their Andromeda and Labrador tea. Here too the ground in places is covered with a dense mat of sphagnum, dotted with dwarfed blueberries and cranberries and similar plants which remind one of home.
Looking back at timber line— We had left the tropics of Cloud Forest and come into a tem-
perate region, almost on the equator but more than 12,500 feet above the sea.
shows clouds rolling in at the left
could get to his assistance was rolling and over down the mountain. Fortunately it was still in the forest and one of his packs became wedged in the roots of a tree, holding him until we could get to his release.
This great forest occasionally inter-
over
rupted by clearings, continues for many hours’ travel up the mountain from 9000 to about 12,500 feet, where a sudden
The photograph
A cool breeze greets the traveler, sky appears in place of the great dome of green, and suddenly he steps out upon the open paramo. He has been travel- ing through the densest of forests, seeing but a few hundred paces along the trail and only a few rods into the vegetation on either side; he has grown near-sighted, and even the smallest contours of the landscape have been concealed by the
6 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
dense forest cover. Suddenly there is thrown before his vision a whole world of mountains. As far as he can see in all directions save behind him, ridge piles upon ridge in never-ending series, until they fuse in one mighty crest which pierces the clouds with its snow-capped
crown. This is the paramo of Santa Isabel.
At this point we dismounted and led our horses along the narrow ridge, for they were not used to the mountains. We looked in vain for the jagged peaks that are so characteristic of our northern
On the paramo of Santa Isabel—The ground is undermined with numerous small rivulets and the strange mullein-like frailejons grow everywhere even up to the edge of the snow, sometimes
reaching a height of ten feet in sheltered places
THE PARAMO OF SANTA ISABEL 7
frost-made mountains. Here even the vertical cliffs did not seem entirely with- out vegetation and as far as we could see with binoculars the brown sedges and the gray frailejons covered the rocks even up to the very edge of the snow. Beneath our feet the soil was springy and as we afterwards found, undermined with in- numerable small rivulets making their way to the stream below, which we could hear even at this distance as it dashed over the boulders and occasionally gleamed in the sun- light. All about us the strange mullein- like frazlejons, as the natives call them, (Espeletia — grandi- flora Humb. and Bonpl.), stood up on their pedestals, ten or even fifteen feet .1n height in sheltered spots; down among _ the sedges were many lesser plants similar to our North Ameri- can species: gen- tians, composites, a hoary lupine, a but- tercup, a yellow sor- rel, almost identical with those of the United States. Birds also, several of which proved to be new to science, were numerous, but all were of dull colors and reminded one in their habits of the open country birds of northern United States. A goldfinch hovered about the
unicolor).
frailejons, a gray flycatcher ran along the ground or mounted into the air much like our northern horned larks, an oven- bird flew up ahead of us resembling a meadowlark, a marsh wren scolded from the rank sedges, and almost from under our horses’ hoofs, one of the large Andean snipes sprang into the air with a charac- teristic bleat and went zigzaging away. On a small lake which we now had come to, barren except for a few alge, rode
In the shadow of a frailejon — The nest is made entirely from the down of the frailejon leaves and belongs to a slate-colored finch (Pahrygilus
On the paramo the leaves of all plants are either small and horny or heavily covered with down
8 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
an Andean teal, surprisingly lke our northern gadwall. And so the story goes on. Here almost on the equator but 13,000 feet above the level of the sea, we had left the strangeness of the tropics and come upon a land that was strikingly like our own.
We decided to pitch camp at timber line where there would be wood for cook- ing and so made our way back down the valley to the edge of the trees where we had some difficulty in finding a dry level spot for the tent.
Here we studied and collected for about a week, working up the ridges to 15,000 feet but finding greater abundance of bird life along the dashing stream that flowed cown the valley in which we were camped. There was not however, a great variety of birds and but few species were really common. Mammals too, were scarce, a few tracks of deer and tapir along the edge of the forest and numerous runways of the rabbits in the rank sedges, being almost the only visible signs. Even the smaller rats and mice were scarce, and few came to our traps.
Each night the temperature dropped to freezing, each noon the temperature rose to about 75 degrees Fahrenheit, and each afternoon great white clouds rolled up from the forests below and obscured the landscape. One dared not venture far from camp after three o’clock, for the great mass of anastomosing ridges would easily confuse even the traveler with a compass. In fact one day when return- ing from ap exploring trip to the snow line, the clouds rolled up while we were still four or five miles from camp. Ridge
after ridge disappeared from sight until
soon we could see only the rocks close about us. There was no trail to follow and we were soon unable to recognize any of the features of the landscape that were still visible. For two hours we stumbled along trying to keep track of the number of ridges as we passed them and trying to recall the number passed during the morning, until finally we gave up hope of return that night. Looking about for a spot somewhat sheltered from the raw winds which had already begun to sweep down from the snows above us, a ray of light very far to the left attracted our at- tention and we looked just in time to see the rift in the clouds close again. We knew it must have been reflected from the small lake at the head of the valley in which we were camped and realized that we had been traveling at least an hour in exactly the wrong direction. It was not reluctantly therefore, that we abandoned the thought of beds of
frailejons and made straight for our
little lake. In terrible thirst and fatigue and after many collapses from the great altitude, we were able at last to perceive its dim silver outline, and we knew we were little more than a mile from camp.
This was our first warning to leave the paramo. In a few weeks these ridges would be covered with snow and swept by gales. The clouds and fog would not part for days and life would be unendur- able — although even then one would feel the more deeply the grandeur of the elements, and with the mountain tops shut from view, would still know their awe-inspiring presence. With this warning then, we prepared to leave the paramo.
AN APPRECIATION OF THEODORE NICHOLAS GILL By Frederic A. Lucas
HERE died in Washington on September 25, 1914, the man who may well be termed the
Nestor of American zodlogists, not per- haps so much from the fact that he chanced to be a year or so older than his
from his extraordinary
compeers, as grasp of vari- ous branches of zodlogi- eal science. Theodore
Nicholas Gill
vas born in
New York, March 21, 1837. He passed part
of his early life in Brook- lyn, and we infer from his “Reminis- cences of the Apprentice’s nib r ar yo)” that this an- eestor of the Brooklyn In- stitute of Arts and Sciences had much to do with turn- ing his atten- tion from law toward natu- He first became familiar with the Institute that was to be, in 1854, when he was seventeen, and as long as he remained in Brooklyn, made use of its library and collections and was a regular attendant at the meetings of the Lyceum of Natural History, being for a part of the time its secretary.
ral history.
The fact that shells were the objects most readily obtained and preserved by amateurs, and the accessibility of the fine ichthyological library of Mr. J. Carson Breevoort, seem to have been the factors that directed his attention to conchology and ichthyology, although, as noted far- ther on, other factors came into play The
influence of
later.
Baird and of the Smithso- nian Institu- tion led him to Washing- ton in 1868, where for a time he was librarian — of the Smithso- nian Institu- Eom fasnd, later, assist- ant librarian of the Library of Congress.
For one who achieved such impor- tant results he did com- paratively little original work, from a natural indolence of body which led him to take life easily, to shun the dissecting table, to relegate the labor of preparation to others and to utilize their work, even if he might not accept their conclusions, for he possessed to an unusual extent the ability to make use of the work of others, not by claiming it 9
10 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
as his own, but by embodying it as one of many items in some important gen- eralization. If one may so put it, he took the bricks of information turned out by many workers and combined them into an edifice of knowledge. As might perhaps be expected from one of his temperament, he was a “closet”’ rather than a “field” naturalist, al- though in his earlier days he visited the West Indies in the interests of Mr. D. Jackson Steward, whose shells! form part of the collections of the American Museum of Natural History.
For many years his favorite morning haunt was the library of the United States National Museum, and later, the periodical room in the Smithsonian, where he read the standard scientific journals as soon as they were received, and noted the most recent discoveries in those lines in which he was especially interested. This extensive reading, coupled with a wonderfully retentive memory, made him an extraordinary source of information. He was a verita- ble storehouse of zoGlogical facts, which were freely placed at the disposal of anyone who really wished them. As a matter of detail, he probably had at his tongue’s end more scientific names of animals than any other living man — more probably than anyone will ever know again. This wide knowledge ren- dered easy such work as the technical parts of the zodlogical portion of the Century and Standard dictionaries. In the first-named work he was associated with Dr. Coues, and more than once sorely tried the patience of his colleague by his procrastinating habits,” for while Coues was a fluent talker and ready writer, he was also a hard and syste-
1 Gill’s second published paper was on Cyprea notata, now considered a synonym of C. macula, from a specimen in the collection of D. W. Fergu-
son, which is now in the collection of Columbia University.
matic worker, as his many books and various papers bear witness. It is rather interesting to note that these two men, Coues and Gill, should have been so closely associated, for Coues probably did more than any other one man to popularize the study of birds and mam- mals, and Gill, though largely indirectly, did much to systematize and stabilize the technical side. As an example of Gill’s ultra-technical style may be cited his definition of Giraffide:
A family of ruminant artiodactyl mam- mals, having the placenta polycotyledonary, the stomach quadripartite with developed psalterium, the cervical vertebree much elongated, the dorso-lumbars declivous back- wards and horns present only as frontal apophyses covered with integument.
Coues read this and turning to Gill said, “That is n’t English, its Choctaw.” “No,” said Gill, “it is an exact defini- tion of the family.”
For many years, more than twenty to the writer’s knowledge, Gill occupied a room on the west side of the big north tower of the Smithsonian, and for a long time Coues had an office on the opposite side, the two opening into a still larger intercommunicating room. Dr. Gill’s room like the girl’s workbasket, had a “place for everything and everything in it,’’— desk, chairs, shelves, floor — especially floor — were covered, aside from dust, with a miscellaneous collec- tion of books, pamphlets, old letters, skulls, skeletons and odds and ends of wearing apparel. During the summer this deposit, like a lava stream, flowed
2The recent article in Science is in error in calling Dr. Gill the author of the zodlogical text of the Century Dictionary: Dr. Coues was the editor and wrote the major part of the definitions and chose the larger number of the illustrations; Dr. Gill was the scientific adviser, so to speak, and Coues relied largely upon him for accurate and technical information. Gill wrote a large share of the technical definitions, particularly
those of the families and genera of mammals and fishes. — The Author.
AN APPRECIATION OF THEODORE NICHOLAS GILL 11
slowly eastward until by fall all three rooms were filled and Dr. Gill was work- ing at Coues’s desk. Here and in the Museum library Dr. Gill’s papers were mainly prepared, for even in his later days he rarely made use of a stenog- rapher. Gill’s astonishing knowledge of names and his exactness in matters of nomenclature made him extremely help- ful in the bestowal of names upon new species, and it was customary for one about to christen some newly discovered beast, bird or fish to ask him if the proposed name had been previously used, a procedure that saved much time and many synonyms. He excelled in tracing the history of some much de- scribed species through the mazes of literature in which it had wandered, and delighted to show that what Aristotle is supposed to have called some animal was really quite a different creature.
He was the first president of the Biological Society of Washington and hence a life member of the council; he was also an almost constant attendant at its meetings. As the present special- ization of societies had not even begun, the members of this society represented many branches of science and the papers presented covered a remarkably wide range of subjects, varying from technical to popular, and from Protozoa to Pri- mates.
It mattered not what paper was presented, it came to be expected that if Dr. Gill did not lead the discussion, he would participate in it, and when at the close of some paper the hearers turned expectantly toward Dr. Gill, they were rarely disappointed. He was a severe, one might almost say merciless critic, not from any particular personal animus, but because he expected an exact state- ment of fact.
While the majority of Gill’s papers were systematic, yet on occasion he
could write most entertainingly, and not only did he have a vast fund of informa- tion on which to draw, but the reader had the satisfaction of feeling that he could rely upon what he was being told. His contributions to zodgeography were numerous also and the subject was dealt with in at least two of his presidential addresses.
Among the more important deductions that he made were the recognition of the claim of the Elasmobranchs to a position of the “highest” rank and of the purely artificial nature of the groups Carinatie and Ratite in birds. He accurately defined and established on a sound structural basis seven orders of fishes, to say nothing of genera, and was prac- tically the first to suggest that the curious little fishes termed Leptocephalus were larval forms of eels.
As an example of the estimation in which the work of Dr. Gill was held by fellow scientists, one cannot do better than to quote an extract from David Starr Jordan’s Guide to the Study of Fishes read by Dr. Smith at the Testi- monial Dinner to Dr. Gill:
Theodore Nicholas Gill is the keenest interpreter of taxonomic facts yet known in the history of ichthyology. He is the author of a vast number of papers, the first bearing date of 1858, touching almost every group and almost every phase of relation among fishes. His numerous suggestions as to classification have been usually accepted in time by other authors, and no one has had a clearer perception than he of the necessity of orderly methods in nomenclature.
And Dr. Jordan further wrote:
In my scientific work I have owed more to the critical ability of Dr. Gill and his clear insight in matters of classification and ge- neric relations than to any other man whatso- ever. In all the long history of science there has been no one who has had this unique quality of being able to see through unim- portant things to the real heart in biological classification as has Dr. Gill.
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THE MAKING OF A FUR-SEAL CENSUS
By George Archibald Clark
{Of Leland Stanford University]
HE really important practical problem in connection with the fur-seal herd of the Pribilof
Islands has always been that of enumera- tion. How many animals are there? Is the herd increasing or diminishing? What is the rate either way? What number of young males can safely be
taken each year? What breeding — re- serve should be set aside? These ques-
tions can be answered _ ef- fectively only by a more or less exact cen- sus of the herd.
In making a fur-seal census you cannot, as in the case of human com- munities, go to the head of the household. The harem master is not an approacha- ble being and will not discuss family affairs with you. You go within his circle, if at all, at your peril. You can stand on the neighbor- ing cliffs and looking down upon his household observe many things of in- terest; but this will not tell you whether all his wives are at home or how many children he has. The children hide in
the crevices of the rocks and most of the mothers are away at sea feeding.
It is easy to count the harem masters. Each one is big and aggressive and is always at home. As you come into his range of vision he rises up to greet you like a bristling question mark. The fur-seal families can therefore be easily Itis possible to count the individual fe- males on many Sega ibe ned breeding areas, and this fact has been uti- lized at times
counted. even
to, gain an approximate enumeration, an average being thus obtained which could be applied to breeding areas where counts of individuals
harem
were impossi- ble.
The fur-seal census how- ever, does not rest finally with the adult animals; it rests in the young of the season, or the fur-seal pups. Although destined to spend most of its life in the water and to brave all kinds of weather, the fur-seal pup in the beginning is timid of the water and keeps away from it dur- ing the first month or six weeks of its life. 13
Bull fur seal, Gorbatch Rookery, St. Paul Island
14 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
There is a time therefore in each breed- ing season when all of the pups are absolutely within reach; and as there is a mother for each pup, a count of the pups is in effect an enumeration of the mothers — the breeding females — the all-important element in the herd.
By the first of August each season, practically all of the fur-seal pups are born. About this time also the majority of the harem masters, who have fasted since their arrival in May, have with- drawn from the rookeries to feed at sea. The mother seal, while she will defend her pup of a few hours old with her life, pays no attention to it when it is a week or more old, betaking herself promptly to the sea when disturbed and leaving the pup to shift for itself. A very little urging therefore suffices to clear the rookeries of the older animals, leaving the young to be dealt with by themselves. The period is a limited one because when the fur-seal pups begin to take to the water the transition from a land animal to a water animal is very sudden and after the pups gain command of themselves in the water they take to it instantly when disturbed. There is however, a period of about ten days in early August when the pups can be con- trolled and counted.
The fur-seal rookeries occupy about eight miles of shore front, generally in a narrow band twenty to fifty feet in width. At certain points there are massed areas. Each form of breeding ground has its own problems in the counting. The narrow beaches have holes and crevices among the rocks where the little animals hide. On the massed areas they can be more readily controlled, but there is danger of crowding and smothering. The difficulties in neither case are seri- ous and call merely for care and experi- ence in dealing with them.
On the narrow beach portions, the
process of counting is carried out by two persons, one passing along the sea- ward side of the rookery, the other on the landward side. Coming together they cut off a small group of twenty-five to one hundred pups and force them to run back along the beach twenty to fifty yards. These pups represent vary- ing ages and degrees of strength since they are born at different dates between the twelfth of June and the first of August and they therefore naturally line out in order of capacity to travel and this line can be readily counted. The process is like that of the counting of sheep as they pass through a narrow gate. Group by group the pups of a given rookery are counted. Between the pas- sage of the separate pods, or groups, the openings in the rocks are searched for hidden animals. Careful search is also made for the dead, a necessary part of the enumeration. The services of na- tive helpers who, preliminary to the work of counting have driven off the adult animals, are utilized at all times to keep the pods of counted animals from mingling with those not counted. Where massed groups occur they are rounded up and held loosely on some flat surface, a native guard being posted about, except at one point from which the animals are allowed to run off. These departing pups again travel readily in lines which can be counted by two’s and three’s and four’s. If tendency to stampede develops, a guard is thrown across the front and a new opening at some other point is estab- lished. By the above process, repeated and varied as conditions demanded, in a period of four hours, approximately eleven thousand fur-seal pups were handled and counted from the massed breeding ground under Hutchinson Hill on St. Paul Island in July, 1918. One of the accompanying photographs illus-
A general rookery view from the cliffs, showing contrast between males and females by which harems can be counted.
The young seals hide in the crevices of rocks and a large number of the mothers may be away at sea feeding, but it is easy to count the harem masters who are big and aggressive and are always at home. An approximate average of the females in a harem must often be applied to packed breeding areas where the bulls alone are conspicuous and individual enumeration impossible
The process of counting fur-seal pups in the massed area on Hutchinson Hill, July, 1913. Note in the background of the photograph the long line of pups which are being counted as they file past.
Fur-seal pups are easily counted only during a period of some ten days in early August. This is after they are a week or so old and the mothers no longer defend their young but depart leaving them to shift for themselves, and before they have learned to take care of themselves — in which later condi- tion of course they take to the water as soon as approached ;
15
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THE MAKING OF A FUR-SEAL CENSUS wi
trates the operation of counting and the following is a record of the pods as run
off:
152, 108, 146, 54, 128, 152, 116, 40, 152, 68, 200, 78, 96, 150, 234, 192, 44, 52, 56, 122, 144, 23, 83, 110, 66, 150, 232, 98, 10, 102, 120, 53, 119, 106, 118, 14, 56, 62, 58, 88, 91, 68, 21, 61, 42, 110, 67, 72, 68, 88, 90, 66, 48, 20, 61, 58, 88, 50, 80, 168, 14, 68, 37, 68, 116, 82, 68, 33, 128, 41, 44, 15, 25, 54, 134, 243, 54, 90, 42; 116, 75, 120, 100, 57, 36, 17, 116, 44, 36, 50, 79, 88, 68, 115, 69, 118, 153, 122, 56, 33, 55, 48, 70, 124; 174, 63, 180, 146, 14, 73, 146, 84, 173, 235, 129, 52, 25, 26, 63, 102. .Total, 10,576.
It was by this process of counting, applied day by day to the rookeries in 1912, that the first full count of fur-seal pups was made, the number being 81,984. A repetition of the process in 1913 gave a total of 92,269. The differ- ence, approximately twelve and one- half per cent, marks the rate of increase in the herd between the two seascns, the first seasons for thirty-five years in which the fur-seal herd was free from the drain of pelagic sealing [suspended by treaty of July 7, 1911], with its destruc- tion of mother seals and their young.
These three elements—the adult males, the adult females, and the young of the season — constitute the important features of the fur-seal census. They were thus fixed by actual count.
There remain certain other animals in the herd which cannot be counted. These are the two and_ one-year-old females and the young males of four years and under. They come and go irregularly, some of them spending very little time on land. The annual rate of increase in the herd, established by the counts of 1912 and 1913, enables us to estimate very closely the number of young three-year-old females on which it depends. The sexes are subject to hike vicissitudes and from the approxi- mately equal birthrate of the sexes a
like number of three-year-old males The two- year animals can be closely judged from these, and the yearlings, from births of the preceding year, diminished by the losses which experience shows the ani- mals to suffer in the first migration. Putting these various estimates to- gether and uniting them the counted animals we have the following
may be assumed to survive.
with
total for the fur-seal herd in the season of 1913:
Breeding males 1,403 Reserve males 2,364 Breeding females Po tor ar ee HO 209
Young of the season 92,269 Three-year-old males 10,000 Two-year-olds . 30,000 Yearlings 40,000
Total . 268,305
This census affords to the government as accurate a knowledge of the status of its fur-seal herd as, for example, the average cattleman has of the animals on his range.
The herd will now grow steadily in the future and in due time as many animals may be expected in the herd as it formerly showed, between two and three millions. With this growth, count- ing of all the pups cannot long be con- tinued. The task will become too great. It can however, be continued on certain limited areas and the balance of the herd judged by these. Certain valuable averages have been obtained — for the individual rookeries, for each of the islands, and for the herd as a whole. It will always be possible to get a rea- sonably accurate count of the breeding families. To this the known averages of harem sizes in 1912 and 1913 can be applied with a result sufficiently exact for all practical purposes.
MOSS AGATE MOCHA STONES, HINDOOSTAN
Specimens from the Morgan Collection of Precious Stones in the American Museum. Illustration from The Curious Lore of Precious Stones, by George Frederick Kunz, Ph.D., D.Sc. Copyrighted 1913, by J. B. Lippincott Company, Publishers, Philadelphia
18
THE CURIOSITIES OF GEMMOLOGY
A REVIEW OF A RECENT BOOK BY GEORGE FREDERIC KUNZ ON SUPERSTI- TIONS AND MEANINGS ATTACHED TO PRECIOUS STONES
L. P. Gratacap
These metaphysics of magicians, And necromantic books are heavenly. Lines, circles, scenes, letters, and characters: O what a world of profit and delight Of power, honour, and omnipotence, Is promised to the studious artizan. Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.
HE pages of a recent book! by Dr. in George Frederick Kunz, hono- rary curator of gems at the American Museum, will be turned over by the fascinated reader with, we ima- gine, the most interesting commixture of feelings, an interfusion of wonder, amuse- ment and_half-credulous assent, of admiration and curiosity. He will feel admiration at the art and discernment, the resources and adequacy of the author, and curiosity as to the origin or real derivation of such strange pre- dispositions, hallucinations and_ ultra- romantic traditions and fancies, regard- ing these “mute insensate things.” Certainly the traditions and fancies are not unfamiliar. In any desultory read- ing they have been encountered by every- one — not forgetting indeed the Wilkie Collins story of boyhood, The Moon Stone, but here through almost four hundred pages of anecdote, quotation, description and allusion, reénforced by beautiful figures and plates, the effect is bewildering. Why these attributes of miraculous power? Why the association of precious stones with religious beliefs, why the mystic influences credited to birthstones, the extra-terrestrial stations assigned to gems in the zodiac, and their 1THE Curious Lore or Precious STONEs.
By George Frederick Kunz. Philadelphia and London: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1913.
ascription to the planets — with the more contemporaneous touch of occultism when we read of the prophetic powers of crystal balls, their magical landscapes and portents? Such questions are surely not answered in Dr. Kunz’s work, and indeed a sowp¢on of dissatisfaction arises when we think that we discover in the learned writer, a poetic acquiescence in these ascriptions, as perhaps becomes the antiquarian, the virtuoso, the con- noisseur, and above all the philosophic historian.
But if reasons are not fully discussed, albeit many passages assume some seri- ousness in that respect, the display of facts, the careful analysis of reports, and the evidence of large research, the clearness and charm of narration, with the remarkable elegance of illustration, are all there.
The frontispiece of the book is a su- perbly colored plate of cut and polished gem-stones, many from the Morgan- Tiffany collection in the Museum. This is followed by three other fine examples of color reproduction: Cardinal Farley’s ring, gems from the Morgan-Tiffany collection, and the dazzling cross, at- tached as pendant to the crown of the Gothic King Reccesvinthus. The remaining illustrations evince the quali- ties of the unusual, the rococo, the quaint, the delicate and the antique, as befits a book of a semiliterary and scientific scope; the touch of the virtuoso is plain and the guidance of expert taste as well. The chapters’ as they succeed — each other are as follows: Superstitions
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20 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
and their Sources; Talismans and Amu- lets; Talismanic Use of Special Stones; Engraved and Carved Gems; Ominous and Luminous Stones [with an excep- tionally valuable plate giving the auto- photographs of luminous diamonds]; Crystal Balls and Crystal Gazing; Reli- gious Uses of Precious Stones; The High-Priest’s Breastplate; Birth-Stones; Planetary and Astral Influences; On Therapeutic Uses of Stones.
The book has an overwhelming wealth of detail and assembled references, avail- able literature and the most diverse elements of evidence having been care- fully sifted. We are not sure, but we believe that one field has not been har- vested, and that is the Church Fathers, interesting and possibly prolific of quota- tion, since the patristic writers were in- quisitive in many ways. Apart from the purely archaic strangeness of the fancies the book records — regarding the quali- ties of gems and precious stones, interest emphatically attaches to the accounts of erystal-gazing. It might be regretted that Dr. Kunz has not greater length the work of Miss Good- rich-Freer and of Miss Gregor (Andrew
reviewed at
Lang’s friend), and extracted more liber-
ally from Crystal-Gazing by Northcote W. Thomas, as also from Andrew Lang’s Making of Religion, which has many cases, appreciatively recorded, of “sery- ing” (short for descrying).
Tothose of us a little ‘ dematerialized, as Oliver Lodge for instance, an agreeah!e mysteriousness is felt in Mr. Lang’s words, “If then the crystal gazer is right in a considerable percentage of cases, to my unmathematical mind it does look as if some unknown human faculty and fact in nature may be surmised.” Dr. Kunz does mention “hypnagogic illusions,” the illusive appearances in- troducing sleep, and he does contribute more space than perhaps he deemed the subject could claim in his work, to a few guesses as to the nature of the queer phenomena so frequently adduced in this
”
connection.
The Curious Lore of Precious Stones is a most entertaining book, and to the re- flective reader will afford a singular reti- nue of impressions as to the vast credu- lity and the imaginative exuberance of the human mind, so that perchance as he lays it down, he will exclaim with the “Duke” in Twelfth-Night:
so full of shapes is fancy That it alone is high fantastical.
Rubellite, from the Shan Mountains, China. Used as idol’s eye in India
Star of India—Proba- bly the largest star sapphire in the world
Engraved Emerald— East Indian Carving, 17th Century
Copyrighted 1913, bv J, B. Lippincott Co.
GEMS FROM THE MORGAN COLLECTION IN THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY
Spt
at
TO DRAMATIZE CONSERVATION STAGE AND MUSEUM TO JOIN HANDS IN A NEW OPPORTUNITY
By Winthrop Packard
The JourRNAL publishes the present sketch by Mr. Packard concerning museum work as viewed by poet and dramatist, for its suggestiveness. In respect to it relative to the American Museum, we would say that this institution holds the belief that an educational institution of the organization ofa museum should employ all the codperation possible and use all the methods feasible at any given period in the history of civilization, in order to make its service reach the minds and imaginations of the people who come to learn from it. The American Museum in New York is at present broadening its relations with the public schools of the city and employs moving pictures in much of its educational work. That it should at some time in the future use some form of the drama as one of its methods of education, does not seem an impossible step.— Epiror.
HE poet’s vision has done much for together for the world’s welfare and now the world, and the dramatist vis- the poet comes forward with a new vision. ualizing the poet’s thought, has ‘The stage is to visualize conservation and done much. Often the two have worked make its needs felt by the public. : “Drama and conser-
vation,’ says Percy Mackaye to whom we owe the new idea, “is a new coupling of the words, but the present age is restive of tradition and for the first time in history the naturalist and the artist of the theatre have come to- gether to consider how they can serve the public The nature student never goes to the drama except
For the child the museum must put more beauty and dramatic truth into its exhibits of animals.
Arvia, the poet’s little daughter who, wandering in the woods and listening to the hermit thrush, sees and hears as in a dream the story of the play, Sanctuary. Through her vision we see the dancing of the dryad in the realm of fantasy, hear the pleading voice of the bird spirit — and come to feel the cruelty that it is to take the life of a wild bird for its plumage :
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as a diversion. There he expects to for- get his study of bird and beast and revel in a world of fantasy which has nothing in common with science. In the same way the worker of the theatre goes to nature merely for rest and relaxation. What does wild nature mean to him excepting a pageant of unnamable birds and ani- mals in whose presence he may forget the cares of his work? But that is the old-fashioned point of view for both. A new school arises and we are discover- ing that scientists and artists are one soul, seeking truth by two methods — the one objective, the other subjective. Science has fought its fight with super- stition and tradition and has won. Art is only beginning its fight with supersti- tion. Dramatic art is not yet delivered from its life scramble with quacks and commercialism. Yet in the hearts of the people, is the origin both of drama and of conservation and there the two will ultimately work together.”
“The plea for conservation,” says the naturalist Ernest Harold Baynes, “must reach the hearts of the people before it can achieve success. They must visualize the beauty and romance of wild life as well as its economic value. Then they will be willing to conserve it.”
Out of these beliefs of naturalist and poet came the bird masque Sanctuary, by Percy Mackaye, under the tutelage, one suspects, of Mr. Baynes. The play isa dream of Mackaye’s little daughter, to whom through the voice of the hermit
comes the great need of preserving our
wild birds. “The text-books,” says Augustus Thomas, “tell us that drama is a story told in action, but I believe that a better definition is an idea visu- alized.” In Sanctuary we have the idea that bird life must be conserved, visu- alized and made very real.
It is believed that the play gave im- petus to the fight for the clause in the new tariff bill, forbidding the importa-
tion of feathers. Thus already has the drama been a powerful agency in for- warding the movement for the preserva- tion of wild birds — but the opportunity has merely a beginning in this. It is easy to see that the needs of forestry, of the protection of our water supply, and in fact of all branches of conserva- tion may be put upon the stage with equal beauty and grace.
“Let us dramatize our museums,” says Mackaye. “The natural history museum is established for a great social object, the conservation of wild nature knowledge in the hearts of people. Equipped by science only, it cannot fully obtain the interest of the people for whom it was founded. It must go farther and reach their imaginations. As it stands now indeed, it is a public boon; the people spend their spare time on Sunday at the museum, gazing eagerly at the exhibits although they only in part understand them and do not, in any case, fully appreciate their meaning. They spend their spare time for the rest of the week at the “movies.” To them the museum is never ecstatic and vivid, but the moving pictures are. AXE, it ought to be possible so to interpret the exhibits at a museum as to make them live for the general public as do the moving pictures. The naturalists and taxidermists have felt this need in creating the exhibits and have done their best to meet it. It is possible completely to fulfill this need. The drama can do it..... Pageantry pos- sésses the people. It must become a civic drama in name and in technique and will develop the masque to fit the public needs.”
The masque Sanctuary has thus marked the beginning of an epoch in the service which the stage of the future is to render humanity. It offers a new field to player and playwright — a new pleasure and a new incentive to the playgoer.
THE CROW INDIAN SUN DANCE
By Robert H. Lowie
HILE I was investigating vari-
ous phases of the old Crow
culture in 1910, I heard a
good deal about the sacred dolls formerly used in the Sun Dance, but without any expectation of ever seeing one “in the flesh”? since the last ceremony of this type had been celebrated thirty-five years previously. After a while I learned however, that not only a doll, but what my informants regarded as the most sacred of all dolls, was still in the possession of an elderly widow, named “Pretty-enemy,’ whose husband had been the real owner. Pretty-enemy, being a woman, was not even permitted to unwrap her precious possession, which was occasionally taken out by old men visitors, who would address it in prayer and restore it to its envelope. The sense of unremunerative ownership evi- dently weighed on the woman’s mind,
and when she heard that I had bought numerous articles of ethnographical in- terest she approached me through my interpreter with an offer to sell the doll. The price first demanded was so extra- vagant that I felt obliged to decline with regret, but after a lapse of negotiations Pretty-enemy again approached me with a more reasonable offer. Then the purchase was consummated after I had pledged strict secrecy so far as the Reservation people were concerned, for the woman was very much afraid of social ostracism as soon as her action should become known.
Looking at the doll with a layman’s eye, one would hardly be disposed to set much store by it. It is a stuffed effigy of the human form, about six inches long, with crudely marked eyes and mouth, and a number of half-faded rectangular crosses front and back, to symbolize the
One of the most highly venerated of the medicine bundles of the Crow Indians. a rawhide envelope in which was kept the sacred doll together with various smaller sacred objects used in the ceremony of the Sun Dance.
It consists of
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of the tribe took part.
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
morningstar; the head is topped with a profusion of plumes. The rawhide en- velope in which the doll was kept also contained a number of subsidiary articles, including skunkskin regalia worn by the pledger of the Sun Dance, rawhide effigies, beaded bags and bunches of feathers —none of them of ostensibly great intrinsic value. Why then was this medicine bundle so highly regarded by the natives? In order to understand this, we must understand the character of the Crow Sun Dance.
By the several Plains tribes the Sun Dance was celebrated for a variety of reasons. Among the Western Algonkin, for example, it was performed mainly in order to ward off disease or other danger from the pledger and his family. But among the Crow the motive was quite different from that of their neighbors: a Crow promised to undergo the expense and hardship of the ceremony only when some near relative of his had been slain by the enemy and for the sole purpose of wreaking vengeance on the guilty tribe. Any military operation whatsoever was supposed to be the result of a super- natural revelation that ensured success, and accordingly such a revelation was sought in the Sun Dance, but in this case the end could be secured only through the hypnotic action of a particular type of object, the sacred doll. By fixedly gazing at the doll during the dance, a man could make himself go “out of his head,” that is, go into a trance. When in this condition he would see an enemy lying bleeding on the ground, and this vision was taken as a promise by the supernatural powers that his quest for revenge would be crowned with success. Hence the mourner who undertook a Sun Dance was obliged to seek out some man
This sacred doll (about six inches long) was thought to give a vision at the close of an elaborate ceremony called the ‘‘Sun Dance,’’ which lasted several days and in which all members. The last Crow Sun Dance was celebrated some thirty-five years ago
THE CROW INDIAN SUN DANCE 25
owning one of the dolls and induce him to supply the needed effigy, and act as master of ceremonies, vested with dictatorial powers. The doll bought of Pretty-enemy had been successful, above all others of its kind, in effecting visions that led to victorious reprisals against the enemy, hence the high veneration in which it was held by the tribe.
It would seem from the above that the entire Sun Dance pivoted about the doll and the vision it procured. In a certain sense this is true, for no sooner had the vision been experienced and announced than the ceremony came to an abrupt stop, and preparations were made to bring about the fulfillment of the promise embodied in the revelation. Neverthe- less this would be a very one-sided point of view. For the Crow Sun Dance, like the corresponding ceremony of all other Plains tribes, was a very elaborate per- formance, lasting several days, in which practically all the members of the tribe played a part. To the pledger and the doll-owner, to be sure, the essential thing was the vision to be obtained through the doll, but to the other tribesmen, whether actors or spectators, the per- formance meant something quite differ- ent. As in all great assemblies of the Crow tribe, there was abundant oppor- tunity for the recital of one’s heroic exploits; accordingly, to the great warriors the Sun Dance was a chance for self-aggrandizement before a large audience. Again, certain offices in the construction of the lodge devolved only on men and women of a perfectly pure mode of life, hence for these the cere- mony meant a public recognition of virtue. Then there were others who voluntarily underwent self-torture, not to enhance the vision of the pledger, but
in order to secure one for their own benefit. As for the common herd, what appealed to them most was probably the dramatic aspect of the spectacle and the licensed frivolity that was customary throughout the duration of the ceremony.
The great interest of the Crow Sun Dance lies precisely in this: that it brings out so clearly the great difference be- tween theory and reality, which coin- cides in this case with that between the esoteric and the exoteric aspects of the ceremony. Theoretically, any part of the performance not directly contribut- ing to the production of the vision would seem superfluous. But in reality, to the great majority of the people, the “superfluous” portions of the perfor- mance are probably the main object of interest, filling the want of a free show. Moreover, these exoteric parts are the very ones that are most widely diffused over the Plains area and are thus pre- sumably of great antiquity. To say therefore, that the entire Sun Dance of the Crow is nothing but the quest of a vision to ensure vengeance, would be wide of the truth. It seems so only to the logic-chopping white observer, or to the native himself when he begins to theorize about the complex things he does. But apart from the pledger, the Indian performers or witnesses pass through various psychological states during the ceremony, which are very remote from the notion embodied in the theory of the performance. This ten- dency to rationalize his actions, to inter- pret things to himself and mislead himself and the guileless ethnologist as to his real motives, is a very marked characteristic of primitive man that has invited and continues to engage the attention of ethnologists.
‘
THE COMMON ROUND-WINGED KATYDID
Some recent ingenious and painstaking work in motion pictures has brought to our eyes the mysterious activities of insects in a way we should never have thought possible
The katydid ‘‘sings’’ by rubbing together the overlapping glassy parts of the wings just back of the head
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EDUCATIONAL MOTION PICTURES IN NATURAL HISTORY
By Raymond L. Ditmars
HE growth of the educational motion picture rather parallels that of its dra- matic ally. There was a time when a moving picture of a railroad train was con- sidered a novelty and from that time the product for the theatres has grown steadily in elaboration until superb dramatic produc- tions of five and six thousand foot lengths are in use in every civilized part of the world.
When I first considered the practicability of showing the habits of mammals, reptiles, amphibians and insects by means of motion pictures, I was confronted with the immediate decision that an especially constructed labo- ratory would be necessary and this would probably involve much originally designed apparatus. The latter point proved to be of prime importance. It was fully a year after the construction of the studio that con- tinual experimental work demonstrated the best available apparatus. Experimentation had been difficult and so costly that I was called to a halt for five months in preparing “nyopular”’ educational films for theatrical use in order to cover expenses to purchase the necessary apparatus.
The studio was finally lighted with a com- bination battery of mercury vapor lamps and arc lights. It was necessarily arranged to do all the photographing by electric light owing to daytime duties at the Zodlogical Park. Switchboards, light housings and supports, all stagework, backgrounds and general acces- sories were built at the studio. A projecting room was arranged for the immediate testing of all films, an automobile provided with ap- paratus for collecting and a number of tanks and cages provided for specimens. Actual work in preparing a systematic series of nat- ural history films was begun in August of 1913. With the reopening of the free lec- tures of the Board of Education of New York City in the fall of 1913, the first of these films was used for educational purposes.
The work of photographing mammals, rep- tiles and insects demands much varied in- genuity. Some of the mammals large enough to be dangerous took many liberties in the studio and at times did considerable damage. In order to avoid any trace of cagework in the pictures, the subjects had the free run of the
place and were enticed upon the stages with food or by rock shelters built for them. The promptings of a hungry stomach were found to be the most effective in the stage manage- ment of this theatre of nature and many of the pictures were made at the period of feeding time. The prowling of a hungry ocelot or tiger cat is a good illustration of animal man- agement. For several days this creature’s food had been concealed in different locations of the stage— sometimes hidden among the rocks or concealed in the branch of a tree. The picture was taken as the cat started to search for the food, crouching, scenting and alertly peering about, in characteristic actions of the wilds.
With the scenes of poisonous snakes strik- ing, where there was the necessity of taking the photographs very close to the reptiles, the camera was run by an electric motor. This relieved the human operator of the grave danger of standing within a few feet of an infuriated fer-de-lance or cobra. In pho- tographing the ring-necked cobra or Spugh- schlange of South Africa, the camera was peppered with drops of poison, as this snake voluntarily sprays its venom a distance of six to eight feet, its object being to blind the enemy. The snake was induced to face the camera by projecting a spot of light on a white semaphore directly under the lens.
The development of the eggs of frogs and toads was obtained with a camera set before a Bohemian glass jar and from the same posi- tion recording a few feet of film each day. One of these cameras did such duty for a period of two months, thus placing this in- strument hors-de-combat for all other labora- tory work. The life history of several spiders was obtained in like fashion. The story of a large species of Lycosa, or wolf spider, was recorded throughout upon the same “‘field’’— a gravelly hollow six inches square. After each photograph the enclosure was covered with a bell-glass and wet sponge to provide the proper moisture — for many spiders are particularly delicate as captives.
The care of this spider was more laborious than that of a large animal. Soft-bodied grubs were hunted for her and she received drinking water by permitting miniature drops
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to run to the end of a broom straw. These precautions were necessary in preserving the absolute cleanliness of her tiny yard, which on the projecting screen would be magnified thousands of areas. The spinning of her egg cocoon was successfully accomplished and we awaited with much anxiety the time when the young spiders would emerge and crawl upon the parent’s back — hundreds of them, pre- senting an indescribable spectacle. At last this chapter of the family history was recorded and there was a wait of eight days for the infants to swarm from the mother’s back and shift for themselves. This process may be spectacularly inaugurated by a sudden vibra- tion of the ground, causing the parent to jump — then a riot of the spiderlings swarms over the ground.
An additional camera was trained into the field, for once the dispersal takes place all is over and the little spiders are gone. The critical time, when the youngsters appeared uneasy, arrived on a humid evening, when a heavy electrical storm was brewing. The rectifiers for the mercury vapor lamps were already giving some trouble as the cameras were adjusted. With the cameras running, we dropped a steel ball upon the metal stand containing the spider arena to cause it to vibrate, and the spider family departed to all points of the compass. This was an event we had anxiously awaited and luck appeared to be with the photographer. As the electrician prepared to throw out the main switch and extinguish the illuminating batteries, lght- ning followed the feed wires into the studio and gave us a week’s work repairing burned- out parts. But the history of the spider family was completed minus a few feet of film showing the exit of the more laggard members.
So many insects are tiny, almost micro- scopic creatures and such a large propor- tion of them perform their characteristic capers in inaccessible places that the value of greatly enlarged motion picture portrayals opens previously impossible opportunities for study and observation in the schoolroom. By these methods students are enabled to see habits that the greater number of them would never in any other way observe. Not one child in a million has seen the katydid sing, the praying mantis rear in frightful pose, grasp and devour a fly, a gaudy grass-
hopper carefully brush pollen dust from its face.
It is not so difficult to obtain motion pic- tures of insects eating because these creatures are always hungry and persist in satisfying their appetites even under greatly disturbed conditions, but to obtain scenes of nervous spiders caring for their young and to show insects singing — that is a different matter.
To photograph the katydid smging was a difficult task. This insect smgs by scrap- ing the wings together and only at might. A light of any kind will stop it. Yet to photo- eraph a singing specimen at night meant that a stream of powerful electric hght must be turned upon the songster. The deed was done in a grove of young oaks close to the studio. Several dozen katydids were placed in the trees and the camera — on a high tripod — focused on the vegetation of a tree in the center of the grove. The instrument, with special long focus lens was to record the movement of a single insect that watched all proceedings, but remained silent owing to our close arrangements with the machines. The camera was then belted to a small motor so that no operator would stand by the instru- ment to disturb the insect. A searchlight, such as is used in the navy was then trained on the single tree in which reposed the actor, its powerful rays making photography possible. With the remainder of the grove in darkness the decoy katydids sang vigorously. In the intense beam of violet light the principal in this educational drama was seen turning slowly. Was it irritated by the light, and would it crawl from the lines of focus? This would mean much labor in moving the heavy apparatus in what seemed a fruitless and costly experiment. But its uneasiness was caused by the saucy taunts of the decoys. Its wings were elevated slightly. It could not resist answering some of those rasping calls. The man behind the searchlight could be seen glistening with perspiration as he ‘‘fed”’ the carbons of the great are light. The writer’s fingers were upon the switch of the camera motor. Then the insect’s wings began to move rhythmically and another chant was added to the chorus of “katydid, katydid n’t,’”’ and so it continued until the picture was taken. And this picture has been seen by thousands of school children who never knew how insects ‘‘sing.”’
MUSEUM NOTES
Since the last issue of the JouRNAL the following persons have become members of the Museum:
Life Members, Masor Basti Hicks Dutcr- ER, U. S. A., and Mr. Wiii1amM: RuTGER BRITTON;
Annual Members, Mrs. W. P. HarprEn- BERGH, Mrs. CuarLtes HirscHHorNn, Mrs. W.W. Hoppin, Jr., Mrs. ALBERT L. JUDSON, Mrs. 8. R. Kaurman, Mrs. Jacop LANGE- LoTH, Mrs. Jown R. Livermore, Mrs. Morris Lors, Mrs. Toeresa Mayer, Mrs. GerorceE L. Orts, Mrs. EUGENE H. Pappocr, Mrs. JEROME RecensspuRG, Miss Marie Louise Batpwin, Miss Mary PIncHor Eno, Miss Emma G. SEBRING, Miss Mary SHOONMAKER, Hon. Henry Roserts, Dr. Cuarues E. Friecx, Dr. T. MiItrcHELu PruppEN, and Messrs. H. H. BENepIcT, ALFRED PoLK BerGcH, ALFRED BLEYER, A. I. Esserc, B. HamBurcer, Martin F. Jack- son, Ropert U. JoHNSON, GEORGE KENNAN, WarRrREN KINNEY, Henry M. LEsTER, Epmunp J. Levine, CHartes N. Map, GeEORGE W. MERRIHEW, ALLAN PINKERTON, Myron T. ScuppErR.
A NEw expedition, to cross South America by way of La Paz and Cochabamba, the Mamore, Madeira and Amazon rivers, and to be known as the ‘Collins-Day South American [Eixpedition,’”’ has been organized to sail December 26 for several months’ work in exploration and zodlogical collecting. Mr. George K. Cherrie will accompany the expedition as the naturalist representing the American Museum of New York and Mr. Robert H. Becker will represent the Field Museum of Chicago. The birds and the mammals collected by the expedition will be presented to the American and Field mu- seums respectively for permanent ownership of types and for scientific study and publica- tion, preliminary to a later equal division of all specimens except types between the two institutions.
CoLonEL THEODORE RoosEVELT on the evening of December 10 presented before the members of the Museum some of the zoological results of his recent expedition to South America. He was introduced by Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn and was accompanied on the platform by Mr. George
Kx. Cherrie, one of the Museum’s representa- tives with him on the expedition. A full report of the expedition will be given in the February JOURNAL.
Dr. Frtrx von LuscHan, professor of anthropology at the University of Berlin and director of the Royal Ethnographical Mu- seum, visited the Museum several times during the month of December. Professor von Luschan, who delivered the Huxley lectures some years ago, had been one of the guests of honor at the Australian meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science. He is primarily a specialist in physical anthropology, but has done notable work in ethnography, being especially in- terested in the Oceanic and African fields, and has also conducted archeological re- searches in Asia Minor. He found many specimens of great interest in the South Sea hall and pronounced the Jesup collection of tattooed Maori skulls to be unique. On December 17 Professor von Luschan lectured at the American Museum under the auspices of the American Ethnological Society; his subject was “Culture and Degeneration.”’ He dwelt particularly upon inherited physical disabilities and the alarming decrease in the birth rate among the wealthier classes in the cities of Europe.
A Memortrat Meetine in honor of the late Professor Albert S. Bickmore will be held at some time during the latter half of January. Mr. Joseph H. Choate, and Mr. Cleveland H. Dodge, who were intimately associated with Professor Bickmore, will give brief addresses in which they will recount the steps that led to the founding of the museum and the story of the early days of the institu- tion. Mr. L. P. Gratacap, curator of miner- alogy of the Museum faculty, will present personal reminiscences of Professor Bickmore.
Tue following note from Science for Decem- ber 18 is of interest to JOURNAL readers: At the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia on Tuesday evening, November 24, Dr. Henry Fairfield Osborn was pre- sented with a Hayden medal. In present- ing the medal Dr. Samuel G. Dixon called attention to the fact that Mrs. Emma W. Hayden, widow of the well-known scien-
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30
tific man, Ferdinand Venderveer Hayden, had established a deed of trust arranging for a sum of money and a bronze medal to be given annually to the author of the best publication, exploration, discovery or re- search in geology or paleontology, or a similar subject. Professor James Hall, of Albany, received the award in the first instance and the other nine succeeding him were Edward D. Cope, 1891; Edward Suess, 1892; Thomas H. Huxley, 1893; Gabriel August Daubree, 1894; Carl H. von Littel, 1895; Giovanni Capellini, 1896; Alexander Petrovitz Kar- pinski, 1897; Otto Torell, 1898; Giles Joseph Gustav Dewalzue, 1899. In 1900 the deed of trust was modified so as to award a gold medal every three years. The first to receive the new medal was Sir Archibald Geikie; the second was Dr. Charles D. Walcott in 1908 and the third John Casper Branner in 1911.
Tue Annual Meeting of the Board of Trustees of the American Museum of Nat- ural History will occur on the evening of February first, when the members of the Board will be guests of President Osborn at dinner at his residence, 850 Madison Avenue.
Tue December meeting of the Section of Biology of the New York Academy of Sciences was devoted to a “Symposium on Porto Rico”’ in which the progress of the Academy’s natural history survey of that island was described.
Professor Charles P. Berkey outlined his geological reconnaisance of the island, in which he and Dr. Fenner had traveled more than two thousand miles. They had studied the rocks at so many points that they were enabled to construct a preliminary geological map which revealed the general geological history of the island.
Professor N. L. Britton outlined the pro- gress of the botanical investigation of the island. The material collected by the Academy workers has been distributed to a number of specialists and from their labors, knowledge of the flora is rapidly being ex- tended.
Dr. Marshal A. Howe by means of the stereopticon illustrated a series of marine algee which he collected recently. Espe- cially interesting were the reef-building coralline alge. Dr. N. Wille summarized the present knowledge of the fresh-water alge, in which much further collecting is
THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
necessary. Mr. Roy W. Miner described his collecting of marine invertebrates. Mr. Frank E. Lutz in summarizing the present knowledge of the insects and spiders touched upon several interesting problems of distribu- tion in which Porto Rico offers an attractive field for further work. Mr. J. T. Nichols described the fish fauna of the island.
THE manuscript for a book, “Men of the Old Stone Age,’ which covers the long Paleolithic history of Europe, was com- pleted by Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn during the month of November and it will appear from the Scribner press in February. The writing of this work was suggested by the author’s tour through the caverns of Italy, France and Spain, described in the December, 1912, number of the JOURNAL. The work differs from the volumes recently published by Professor Sollas, Lord Avebury and Professor James Geikie in presenting a fuller description of the various primitive races of men and in giving a connected story of the geology, geography, climate, and de- velopment of the flint industry and art. An attempt has been made to give a very clear and semipopular treatment of our present knowledge of the long prehistory of Europe, closing with the advent of the men of the New Stone Age, which is believed to have occurred between 7000 and 9000 years ago.
Mr. N. C. Newson has returned from several months’ archeological field work in New Mexico. His work this year was a continuation of that of previous years on the ancient villages of the Tanos, south of Santa Fé. He made partial excavations of three large ruins, digging out altogether about four hundred and fifty ruins from which he brought back approximately seven hundred specimens for the Museum. A large number of skele- tons were also secured, some from the ruins and some from refuse heaps belonging to the different villages. In his excavations Mr. Nelson discovered a_ stratified deposit in which four distinct types of pottery were found. Since the pueblos clustered all about the region belong to one or more of these pottery-making stages, the chronological position of most of the ruins can now be determined on the basis of this discovery.
Str Dovuctas Mawson will lecture on “Racing with Death in Antarctic Blizzards,” under the auspices of the American Geo-
MUSEUM NOTES
graphical Society and the American Museum of Natural History at Aeolian Hall, January 17, 1915. The lecture will cover Dr. Maw- son’s experiences in the Antarctic from 1911 to 1914 and will be illustrated with still and motion pictures which are pronounced by Sir Ernest Shackleton, Mr. A. Radclyffe Dugmore and others who have seen them, to be the most marvelous pictures ever presented on polar subjects. Professor Henry Fairfield Osborn will preside and Dr. Mawson will be introduced by Mr. John Greenough, chair- man of the Council of the American Geo- graphical Society. Dr. Mawson has recently been knighted by George V in recognition of his scientific research in the Antarctic. He was well equipped for valuable work, having been lecturer in chemistry at Sydney Uni- versity and in geology at Adelaide University even before he obtained his doctorate in science in 1909. Later he was on the staff of Sir Ernest Shackleton’s expedition as physicist and mineralogist and was one of the party which reached the summit of Mount Erebus and also the South Magnetic Pole. In 1911 he organized the Australasian Ant- arctic expedition and led it into the great unknown region south of Australia. It is of the story of the accomplishment and the pri- vations and tragedies of this expedition that Dr. Mawson will speak in New York.
Tue anthropological course of lectures for 1915 is to be devoted to the Aboriginal Art of North American Indians. The subject has been chosen in recognition of the increas- ing demands of students of art and design upon the ethnological collections in the Mu- seum. The opening and closing lectures are to be given by Dr. Clark Wissler; the first will deal with “Technique and Distribution of Textile Designs,’ and the concluding lecture with ‘‘ Design Names and Symbolism.” Dr. Herbert J. Spinden, who has devoted much time to the study of the art of the Southwest and Central America, will discuss in the second and third lectures of the series, “Form and Ornament in Ceramic Art” and “History and the Higher Arts.’ These lectures will be given in the West Assembly hall of the Museum on Thursday evenings in January at 8:15 o’clock.
Tue Indian figures for the Hopi group under construction by Mr. Howard Mc- Cormick in an alcove off the hall of the Southwest Indians, have been modeled by
3l
Mr. Mahonri Young and are at present in process of casting in the Museum’s prepara- tion shop. It is understood that Mr. Young has in charge also the pediments for the Utah State Capitol at Salt Lake City and that he has a group of bronzes ready for exhibition at the San Francisco Exposition.
TuroucH the kindness of Miss M. Eliza Audubon the Museum has recently come into possession of a painting by John James Audubon. This painting has been in the Museum on deposit for some time and its gift makes a very important addition to the Museum’s collection of Auduboniana. It is one of the largest of Audubon’s pictures and is especially pleasing in composition and color.
THERE has recently been placed on exhi- bition in the Plains Indian hall a small model of a Hidatsa earth-lodge constructed by Mr. S. Ichikawa after drawings made by Mr. F. N. Wilson and plates from the early publica- tion, Travels in the Interior of North America by Maximilian, Prince of Wied, who visited the Hidatsa and Mandan in 1832-1834. It was in a village of houses of this type that Lewis and Clark spent their first winter (1804).
THe Museum has long been desirous of obtaining a specimen of the devilfish (Manta birostris), the largest of all rays. This species, owing to its great size, the difficulty of caring for specimens in the field and the danger attending its capture, is very poorly represented in museums. In fact no full- grown specimen, so far as known, is on exhi- bition anywhere. Last summer the Museum sent an expedition to the west coast of Florida for the purpose of capturing a devilfish. The expedition succeeded in getting two speci- mens. For the capture of these we are indebted to Mr. Russell J. Coles of Danville, Virginia, an amateur ichthyologist who has had considerable experience in the capture of large sharks. Mr. Coles was in charge of the capturing of the specimens and did most of the work of harpooning them. The expedition made its headquarters at Captive Island, about twenty-five miles south of Punta Gorda. The two devilfish caught were splendid specimens, the larger one eleven feet wide and the smaller one seven feet ten inches. ‘Excellent casts of both specimens were made in the field by Mr. J. C. Bell, of the Museum’s department
32 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
of preparation. The scientific work of the expedition was in the hands of Dr. L. Hussa- kof, who obtained, in addition to the studies necessary for the correct mounting and color- ing of the specimens for exhibition, valuable data on the structure and natural history of this little-known ray.
Two new leaflets by Dr. F. E. Lutz, assistant curator of invertebrate zodlogy, have recently been issued in the Museum’s educational series. The first deals with the thirty-four species of butterflies most common in the vicinity of New York City, each spe- cies being illustrated by a life-size figure. The second gives directions for collecting and preserving insects in the field.
Tue Peruvian and Mexican collections of the Metropolitan Museum of Art have been deposited with the American Museum for an indefinite time and may be used either for study or exhibition purposes.
THREE new exhibits of the department of anatomy and physiology in the synoptic hall on the third floor include a series of mounted limb-bones, showing the adaptation of mammalian limbs to their various modes of living, and two series of wax models illustrat- ing respectively the evolution of the verte- brate chondrocranium and the brain.
Mr. Ernest THomMpson SEToN on the evening of November 27 gave a special lecture in the auditorium of the Museum on “Voices of the Night,’ in which he told the story of some of the wild animals of North America and gave imitations of their calls.
A NEw edition of the General Guide to the exhibition halls of the museum has just been issued comprising 125 pages and 65 illustra- tions. Experience has shown that the changes in the Museum’s collections are so extensive that a guide must be issued at least once a year in order to keep pace with them.
Important exhibits in the department of vertebrate paleontology have recently been opened to the public. The first of these is a skeleton of Scelidotherium, which is a part of the Cope Pampean collection secured through the generosity of the late Morris K. Jesup, former president of the Museum. This animal belongs to the sloth family and is interesting anatomically in its approach to the anteaters. Two nearly perfect skulls of
horned dinosaurs have been added to the reptile collection. These are a part of the collection made by the Museum expedition to the Red Deer River, Alberta, in 1913. The skeleton of the giant carnivorous dino- saur, Tyrannosaurus, is being mounted in the Pleistocene hall, and the new duck-billed dinosaur, Corythosaurus, in the dinosaur hall.
AppITiIons to the mineral collection com- prise an exchange with Professor W. Vernad- sky of the Imperial Academy of Sciences and a series of purchases made from the interest of the Bruce endowment. The former were interesting from locality, and among them powellite from the Urals merits mention. Noticeable among the purchases are native bismuth and the association of bismuth and molybdenite from North Queens- land, Australia; a remarkable native copper coated with solid malachite like a paint, from Michigan; small delicate crystalliza- tions of gold from Verespatak, Hungary; deep blue halite from Stassfurt, Germany; quartz (nodular) with inclusions of acicular bismuth from New South Wales; a handsome large crystallization of dioptase from South Africa; and the new mineral wilkeite from Riverside County, California. Some supe- rior specimens of species already represented were purchased, among which particular reference may be made to catapleiite, eryo- lithionite, eudialyte, narsarsukite, schizolite, steenstrupine and willemite from Greenland.
Tue department of public health is at present engaged in the preparation of a special exhibit of military hygiene and sanita- tion, dealing with the health of armies, the hygiene of the individual soldier and the general problems of camp sanitation.
A number of new exhibits illustrative of insect-borne diseases were added to the de- partment’s display during 1914, the most im- portant single exhibit being a model of the flea (carrier of bubonic plague) 1,728,000 times nat- ural size, prepared by Mr. Ignaz Matausch. The history of the bubonic plague in the past is shown by reproductions of a number of early paintings and by a series of maps illustrating the geographic spread of disease during its historic epidemics. A series of photographs of four American army surgeons who have discovered a mosquito transmis- sion of yellow fever, has been hung near the entrance of the hall.
The American Museum of Natural History Seventy-seventh Street and Central Park West, New York City
Open free to the public on every day in the year.
The American Museum of Natural History was established in 1869 to promote the Natural Sciences and to diffuse a general knowledge of them among the people. It is dependent upon private subscriptions and the fees from members for procuring needed additions to the collections and for carrying on explorations in America and other parts of the world. The membership fees are,
AMA VLeMbers= sais sa sataeters ween e $ 10 Patrons actaires ce ats pes ate ale eels $1,000 Sustaining Members (annually)........ 25 Associate Benefactors..............-. 10,000 Maite IV REIT EL Saya oie nex ce sycsreret nla site sys 100 Associatem HW oundérsiic so. sae os «ae oes 25,000 EILOM SR ite ae coon ct ekeueneians Race ets aI ves 500 Benefactors: ess seek cigs Cet tes 590,000
Guides for Study of Exhibits are provided on request to members and teachers by the department of public education. Teachers wishing to bring classes should write or telephone the department for an appointment, specifying the collection to be studied. Lectures to classes may also be arranged for. In all cases the best results are obtained with small groups of children.
The Museum Library contains more than 60,000 volumes with a good working collection of publications issued by scientific institutions and societies in this country and abroad. The library is open to the public for reference daily — Sundays and holidays excepted — from 9 A.M. to5 P.M.
The Technical Publications of the Museum comprise the Memoirs, Bulletin and Anthropological Papers, the Memoirs and Bulletin edited by J. A. Allen, the Anthropological Papers by Clark Wissler. These publications cover the field and laboratory researches of the institution.
The Popular Publications of the Museum comprise the JourNat, edited by Mary Cynthia Dickerson, the Handbooks, Leaflets and General Guide. The following list gives some of the popular publications; complete lists, of both bchoscet) and popular publications, may be obtained from the Librarian.
POPULAR PUBLICATIONS
HANDBOOKS Nortu AMERICAN INDIANS OF THE PLatns. By Clark Wissler, Ph.D. Paper, 25 cents; cloth, 50 cents.
INDIANS OF THE SOUTHWEST. By Pliny Earle Goddard, Ph.D. Paper, 25 cents; cloth, 50 cents.
ANIMALS OF THE Past. By Frederic A. Lucas, Sc.D. Paper, 35 cents.
ILLUSTRATED GUIDE LEAFLETS
GENERAL GUIDE TO THE COLLECTIONS. issued December, 1914. Price, 25 cents.
Tue CoLLection oF MrinerAts. By Louis P. Grata- cap, A.M. Price, 5 cents.
Nortu AMERICAN RUMINANTS. Price, 10 cents.
THe AncrieNT Basket MAKERS OF SOUTHEASTERN Uran. By George H. Pepper. Price, 10 cents.
Primitive Arr. Price, 15 cents.
Tue Birps oF THE Vicinity oF New York City. By Frank M. Chapman, Se.D. Price, 15 cents.
Peruvian Mummies. By Charles W. Mead. Price, 10 cents.
Tse METEORITES IN THE FOYER OF THE AMERICAN Museum or Naturau History. By Edmund Otis Hovey, Ph.D. Price, 10 cents.
Tue Hasirat Groups or Norta AMERICAN Brrps. By Frank M. Chapman, Sc.D. Price, 15 cents.
New edition
By J. A. Allen, Ph.D.
Tue InNpIANS OF MANHATTAN ISLAND AND VICINITY. By Alanson Skinner. Jn preparation.
THe Strokes PAINTINGS REPRESENTING GREENLAND Eskimo. Price, 5 cents.
Brier History oF ANTARCTIC EXPLORATION. 10 cents.
TREES AND Forestry. By Mary Cynthia Dickerson, B.S. A new edition in course of preparation.
Tue Protection oF River AND HaARBoR WATERS FROM Mounicrpan_ Wastes. By Charles-Edward Amory Winslow, M.S. Price, 10 cents.
Priant Forms 1n Wax. By E. C. B. Fassett. 10 cents.
Tue Evo.uTion oF THE Horse. Ph.D. Price, 20 cents.
Price,
Price,
By W. D. Matthew,
REPRINTS
Tue Grounp StotH Group. By W. Ph.D. Price, 5 cents.
MeruHops AND RESULTS IN HERPETOLOGY. Cynthia Dickerson, B.S. Price, 5 cents.
Tue WuHarr Pite Group. By Roy W. Miner, A.B. Price, 5 cents.
THe Sea Worm Group. Price, 10 cents.
THe ANCESTRY OF THE EDENTATES. thew, Ph.D. Price, 5 cents. +
D. Matthew,
By Mary
By Roy W. Miner, A.B.
By W. D. Mat
A ‘‘pod”’ of fur-seal pups at an age when they can care for themselves
POI epee tee Patient
i ee ee
+ aN
y THEODORE. ROOSEVE
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ae
The American Museum of Natural History
BOARD OF TRUSTEES
President HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN
First Vice-President CLEVELAND H. DopGE Treasurer CHARLES LANIER
Second Vice-President J. P. Morcan Secretary ADRIAN ISELIN, JR.
Joun Purroy Mircuet, Mayor or THE City or New YORK
Wituiam A. PRENDERGAST, COMPTROLLER OF THE City oF NEw YORK Capot WARD, PRESIDENT OF THE DEPARTMENT OF PARKS
GrorGcE F. BAKER FREDERICK F. BREWSTER JosEpH H. CHOATE
R. Furiton Cuttine Tuomas DeWirr CuyLER JAMES DoUGLAS
Henry C. Frick Mapison GRANT
Anson W. Harp ArcHER M. HUNTINGTON ArTHUR CURTISS JAMES Wa.tTerR B. JAMES
Seta Low
OGpEN MILLs
Percy R. PyYNE
JoHNn B. TREVOR
Feitix M. WarsurG GEORGE W. WICKERSHAM
A. D. JUILLIARD
ADMINISTRATIVE OFFICERS
Director Freperic A. Lucas
Assistant Treasurer Tue UNITED States Trust COMPANY
Assistant Secretary GeorceE H. SHERWOOD
or New YorK
SCIENTIFIC STAFF Freperic A. Lucas, Se.D., Director
Geology and Invertebrate Paleontology
Epmunp Oris Hovey, Ph.D., Curator Cuester A. Reeps, Ph.D., Asst. Curator
Mineralogy
L. P. Gratracap, A.M., Curator Gerorce F. Kunz, Ph.D., Honorary Curator Gems
Woods and Forestry
Mary Cyntruia Dickerson, B.S., Curator
Invertebrate Zodlogy
Henry E. Crampton, Ph.D., Curator
Roy W. Miner, A.B., Asst. Curator
Frank E. Lurz, Ph.D., Asst. Curator
L. P. Graracap, A.M., Curator Mollusca
A. J. Murcuter, Assistant
Frank E. Watson, B.S., Assistant
W. M. WueeE ter, Ph.D., Hon. Curator Social Insects
A. L. TREADWELL, Ph.D., Hon. Curator Annulata
CHARLES W. Lena, B.S., Hon. Curator Coleoptera
Ichthyology and Herpetology
BasHrorp Dean, Ph.D., Curator Emeritus
Louis Hussaxor, Ph.D., Curator Ichthyology
Joun T. Nicuotus, A.B., Asst. Curator Recent Fishes
Mary Cynraia Dickerson, B.S., Assoc. Curator Herpetology
Mammalogy and Ornithology
J. A. ALLEN, Ph.D., Curator
Frank M. Cuapman, Se.D., Curator Ornithology
Roy C. Anprews, A.M., Asst. Curator Mam- malogy
W. DeW. Miter, Asst. Curator Ornithology
Vertebrate Paleontology
Henry FairFIELD OssBorn, LL.D., D.Se., Curator Emeritus
W. D. Martruew, Ph.D., Curator
WaLtTerR GRANGER, Assoc. Curator [Mammals]
Barnum Brown, A.B., Assoc. Curator [Reptiles]
Witiiam K. Grecory, Ph.D., Assoc. in Palzon- tology
Anthropology
Cuiark WissteR, Ph.D., Curator
Purny E. Gopparp, Ph.D., Curator Ethnology Rosert H. Lowie, Ph.D., Assoc. Curator HERBERT J. SpINDEN, Ph.D., Asst. Curator Nets C. Neuson, M.L., Asst. Curator CuHarites W. Meap, Asst. Curator
ALANSON SKINNER, Asst. Curator
Haran I. Smite, Hon. Curator Archeology
Anatomy and Physiology RaupH W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator
Public Health
CHARLES-EpwarRp A. Winstow, M.S., Curator IsraEL J. Kuicuer, B.S., Assistant
Public Education
Grorce H. SHerwoop, A.M., Curator G. Crype FisHer, Ph.D., Asst. Curator Ann E. Tuomas, Ph.B., Assistant
Books and Publications
RaupeHo W. Tower, Ph.D., Curator Ipa RicHarpson Hoop, A.B., Asst. Librarian
THe American Museum JOurRNAL
VOLUME XV FEBRUARY, 1915 NUMBER 2
CONTENTS
Cover, Colonel Roosevelt in South America Photograph by Mr. L. E. Miller
Pim sute Gent ral MPAA 6 5%... 2.4.04 Bee aa xk Deon ee THEODORE ROOSEVELT 35
Together with mention of the geographical work of the Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific papegiuen in exploring the ‘‘River of Doubt”’
Illustrations from photographs by Kermit Roosevelt, George K. Cherrie and other mem- bers of the expedition
The Roosevelt-Rondon Scientific Expedition.................. L. E. Minter 49
A story of the journey through South America’s traveled highways and unexplored jungles, with mention of many strange birds and beasts and descriptions of the country and the people. Illustrations from photographs by the Author
Roosevelt’s Through the Brazilian Wilderness — A Review...... . J. A. ALLEN 64
warms the Health of Armies... 2. ....%2 £00066... e 2 C.-E. A. WINSLow_ 67
A discussion of the methods by which the armies in the field to-day are protected from dis- ease — A comparison of the daily rations of the armies of various nations With illustrations from models in the military hygiene exhibit at the American Museum
Home songs of the. Tewa Indians......:..../.....%.. HERBERT J. SPINDEN 73 With an eight-page insert in sepia of photographs as follows:
FHM NTC LAY CP iy nr leyc eo coe aera oie cis elo ROE -Kart Moon
The Sacred Lake of the Taos Mountains.................. H. J. SprnpEN
ETOP PT geEs ADV ee aN rors oa Seca eee chin Bite ne ay cela a FRrEepERIC MoNsEN
The Pueblo on the Valley Road......... eR Oo eens S H. J. SPrInpDEN
Hopi; Girl Grinding, Corn: 22. 5...24.. Eh gi Ree KITT of es eet Ne Kari Moon
Atthe Bridge — Sani IManPUCDIOs 25. fal ts aoe kes we ... Kart Moon
The Courtship — San Juan Pueblo....... Bh Bee eas on ie CRS ....- KARL Moon
rae WO UTAU DAT cin ek ohh eho cia ee eee Tags SR ee .H. J. SPINDEN Memories of Professor Albert S. Bickmore ................ L. P. Gratacap 79 Pee a cet a BE eNIG Re is ae ate i 3 ee Rt. Rs a ay SS Me es oe oat 83
Mary Cyntruia Dickerson, Editor
Published monthly from October to May by the American Museum of Natural History, at the Cosmos Press, Cambridge, Mass. Terms: one dollar and a half per year, twenty cents per copy. Entered as second-class matter January 12, 1907, at the Post-Office at Boston, Mass., Act of Congress, July 16, 1894.
Subscriptions should be addressed to the AmericAN Museum JourNAt, 77th St. and Central Park West, New York City.
The Journal is sent free to all members of the Museum.
$e Ssaudapit A UdIpLedig oy? YOnowy,T, SAJOAOSOOY ‘16 °d woay pojyont —,,‘Sa1ngvodd PIM JO Solojsty, Of1T OY YIIM Sulpeop osoy) o1e popootl JsoU MOU SyOod oY, ‘“UOIQ0}0I1d oTQeUOSvod OATODOAI PyNOYS speurumeur oy? pux !Mvy_ Aq poqoojoI1d oq P[NOYS oJl] Palg ssoyuIvVy pu [NJJOpUOM OY} JO YSOTA ‘popoou JSOUL MOT ST 4RVYM SI ploy oY} UL WOMVAIOSGO OATYSNeYXA ‘OUT @ ATWO 9nq ‘SuMdo][OO ouIOS Op 09 OAR PTNOM oFT*** * YOUR ev Yons uo syQUOW XIS puods osvQURApPT JSOTIAN OY YIM poo Ysijwanyeu yv,, ‘ssop jo youd [jews ev ‘youny Surppoy ssvq oyppes YIM 1009s pousoy-Suoy, Vv uO AO UMO IG B ‘sIvodS SUOT YIM SAOTIVIA IeNsSel OM) ‘UOPUOY [OUOTOH ‘JIUUJOy pu JJoAoSOOY JOUOTOD
INNH YvNOVr V WOYs HONVY AHL OL MOVE
SUOY § LaUgriag sayipy) fo fisajinog) Ladin yy fq 0204 q
THe AMERICAN Musgeum Journal
VoLUME XV
Roosevelt’s canoe disappearing down Rio Téodoro, the River of Doubt.
FEBRUARY, 1915
NUMBER 2
Photo by Miller Courtesy of Charles Scribner’s Sons
‘‘Ahead of us the brown
water street stretched in curves between endless walls of dense tropical forest.’’
ANIMALS OF CENTRAL BRAZIL!
TOGETHER WITH MENTION
OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL WORK OF THE
ROOSEVELT-RONDON SOUTH AMERICAN EXPEDITION IN EXPLORING THE “RIVER OF DOUBT”
By Theodore Roosevelt
HEN I contemplated going on
this trip the first thing I did
was to get in touch with Dr.
Frank M. Chapman of the American I wanted to get from him information as to what we could do down
Museum.
there and whether it would be worth while for the Museum to send a couple of naturalists with me. On any trip of this kind — on any kind of a trip I have ever taken —the worth of the trip
1 A lecture delivered before the members of the
American Museum of Natural History, Decem- ber 10, 1914.
depends not upon one man but upon the work done by several men in coépera-
tion. This journey to South America
would have been not worth the taking, had it not been for the two naturalists?
2 As the reader pursues his fascinated way through Colonel Roosevelt's latest book, which recounts experiences on this South American expedition, he becomes impressed —if he is a naturalist, with the positive stand on certain definite points regarding natural history taken by the Author. For instance Colonel Roosevelt puts emphasis on the need for the protracted work in the field of the trained observer as contrasted with the big-game hunter or mere zodlogical col- lector. Weconcur so fully in the point made and in fact consider the matter of a complete scientific
35
360 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
from the American Museum who were with me, and for the Brazilian officers skilled in cartographical joined the expedition.
work who
I thought of making the trip a zodlogi- cal one only, when I started from New
headwaters of a river running north through the center of Brazil. To go down that river and put it on the map would be interesting, but he wanted to tell me that one cannot guarantee what
may happen on unknown rivers — there
In the canoe ready for the trip down the Unknown River.
Brazil
York, but when I reached Rio Janeiro the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Mr. Lauro Miiller, whom I had known before, told me that he thought there was a chance of our doing a piece of geographical work of importance. In the course of the work of the telegraph commission Rondon, a_ Brazilian
engineer, there had been discovered the
under Colonel
record of such pressing importance before condi- tions be intruded upon in South America and races pushed to the wall by civilization, that various quotations from Colonel Roosevelt on this point have been inserted in the captions of the article and attention is hereby called to them (pages 34, 43 and 45).— Tue Epiror.
Photo by Miller At camp Rio Téodoro, Matto Grosso,
might be some surprises before we got through. Of course we jumped at the chance, and at once arranged to meet Colonel Rordon and his assistants at the head of the Paraguay, to go down from there with them.
We touched at Bahia and Rio Janeiro and then came down by railway across southern Brazil and Uruguay to Buenos Aires and went through the Argentine over to Chili. We traveled south through Chili and then crossed the Andes. That sounds a very elaborate thing to do, but as a matter of fact
LE 1anod JO YSAIY SHL NI MOYYVN 3Y3SM SGIidVY AHL JYSHM
SUOY 8 LaUqrulog sazipyQ fo fsajzunoy qadasooy pusay fq oJ0Y4q
38 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
it was pure pleasure. It was a wonder- The hard work on the unknown river ful trip. The pass through which we came during the first six weeks. In crossed was like the Yosemite, with snow- those forty-two days we made only an
capped volcanic moun- tains all about. After- ward we went across Patagonia by automobile and then started up the Paraguay. Our work did not begin until we were inside the Tropic of Cap- ricorn. We took mules at Tapirapoan and went up through the high central plateau of Brazil — nota fertile country but I have no question but that great industrial commu- nities will grow up there.
Photo by Miller
‘‘T shall never forget the spectacle in certain places on the Un- known River where great azure blue butterflies flew about up and down through the sunshine of the glade or over the river’’ or settled in gleaming masses on the bank
Photo by Kermit Roosevelt Courtesy of Charles Scribner's Son
We were little troubled by mosquitoes in the level marshy region of western Brazil. For the man who goes through the unexplored jungle however, the real dangers lie in a menace of insects — mos- quitoes, gnats, ticks and fire ants — and the fevers that insects cause, instead of in cayman, anaconda or fer-de-lance, or even in the jaguar as might be supposed
ROOSEVELT-RONDON SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION 39
average of about a mile and a half a day and toward the end we were not eating any more than was necessary and that The parrots were pretty good when they were not tough but I can assure Mr. Horna- day that he could leave me alone in the monkey cage at the New York Zodlogical
was largely monkey and parrot.
Gardens with perfect safety.
Both of the naturalists who were with me and I myself were interested pri- marily in mammalogy and ornithology. We were not entomologists and studied only those insects that forced themselves There were two or three types that were welcome. The butterflies were really wonderful. I shall never forget the spectacle in certain
upon our attention.
places on the Unknown River where great azure blue but- terflies would fly about up and down through the glade or over the river. Some of the noises made by insects were ex- traordinary. One insect similar to a katydid made a noise that ended with a sound like a steamboat whis- tle.
We found the mosquitoes badin only two or three places. On the Paraguay marsh- es there were practically no mosquitoes. In that great marsh country where I should suppose mosquitoes would swarm, there were
Man-eating fish, piranha. tively to Africa and India, of large man-eating carnivores by the extraordi- nary ferocity or bloodthirstiness of certain small creatures of which the kins- folk elsewhere are harmless. kill swimmers, and bats the size of the ordinary ‘ flittermice’ of the northern hemisphere drain the life-blood of big beasts and of man himself.’’
Our trouble was chiefly These little flies were at We had to wear gauntlets and helmets and we had
scarcely any. with gnats. times a serious nuisance.
to tie the bottom of our trouser legs. When we stopped on one occasion to build canoes, two or three of our cam- aradas were so crippled with the bites of the gnats that they could hardly walk. The wasps and stinging bees were also very obnoxious and at times fairly dan- gerous. ‘There were ants we called for- aging ants that moved in dense columns and killed every living thing that could not get out of the way. If an animal is picketed in the line of march of these foraging ants, they are likely to kill it in short time.
There is also a peculiar ant called the
Photo by Harper Courtesy of Charles Scribner's Sons
“ South America makes up for its lack, rela-
It is only here that fish no bigger than trout
40 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
leaf ant which doesn’t eat a man but devours his possessions instead. I met with a tragedy one night myself. We had come down the Unknown River and had lost two or three canoes and had to portage whatever we had over the
Photo by Miller
The caymans, or jacarés, of the Paraguay region are not ordinarily dangerous to man, al- though they sometimes become man-eaters
mountain. We had to throw away everything that was not absolutely necessary. I reduced my own baggage to one change of clothing. We got into camp late and Cherrie and I had our two cots close together and did not get the fly up until after dark. My helmet had an inside lining of green and I had worn a red handkerchief around my neck. At night I put my spectacles and the handkerchief in the hat. The next morning I looked out of bed pre- paring to get my spectacles. red and green line.
I saw a It was moving. There was a procession of these leaf- bearing ants with sections of my hand- kerchief and hat. I had had one spare pair of socks and one spare set of under- clothing and I needed them both. By morning I had part of one sock and the leg and waistband of the underwear and that was all. It is amusing to look back at but it was not amusing at the time.
The most interesting fish that we became acquainted with was called the “cannibal fish,” the “man-eating fish.” It is about the size of our shad with a heavily undershot jaw and very sharp teeth. So far as I know, it is the only fish in the world that attacks singly or in shoals animals much larger than itself. Cannibal fishes swarm in most of the rivers of the region we passed through, in most places not very dangerous, in others having the custom of attacking man or animals, so that it is dangerous for anyone to go into the water. Blood maddens them. If a duck is shot, they will pull it to pieces in a very few min- utes.
This side of Corumba a boy who had been in swimming was attacked in mid- stream by these fishes and before relief could get to him, he had not only been killed but half eaten. "Two members of our party suffered from them. Colonel
Rondon after carefully examining a
Photo by Maza Courtesy of Charles Scribner's Sons
A non-poisonous snake, the mussurama, swallowing the deadly fer-de-lance after having killed it. The danger from poisonous snakes in South America is very slight, ‘“much less than the danger of being
run down by an automobile at home.”’
certain spot in the river went into the water and one of these fishes bit off his little toe. Unknown River, Mr. Cherrie went into the water thinking he could take his
On another occasion on the
bath right near shore and one of the fish bit a piece out of his leg.
One of the most extraordinary things we saw was this. On one occasion one of us shot a crocodile. It rushed back into the water. The fish attacked it at once and they drove that crocodile out of the water back to the men on the bank. It was less afraid of the men than of the fish.
We were interested one day in a certain big catfisu, like any other big catfish except that it had a monkey inside of it. I had never heard that a
catfish could catch monkeys but it proved to be a fact. at the
The catfish lives of the water. The monkeys come down on the ends of branches to drink and it seems to be no
bottom
uncommon thing for the fish to come to the surface and attack the monkey as it stoops to drink. Our Brazilian friends told us that in the Amazon there is a gigantic catfish nine feet long. The natives are more afraid of it than of the crocodile because the crocodile can be seen but the
too late.
‘atfish is never seen until In the villages, poles are stacked in the water so that women can get their jars filled with water, these stockades of poles keeping out the giant crocodile and catfish. I had never seen in any book any allusions to the fact 41
42 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
that there is a man-eating fish of this type in the Amazon.
One day when we were going down the Unknown River Mr. Cherrie and I in the same canoe, we saw a flying fish. Of course everyone knows about the flying fish on the ocean but I had no idea there were flying fish on the South American streams. I very much wish that some ichthy- ologist would go down to South America and come back with not only a collection of the fishes but also full notes on their life histories.
We did not see very many snakes, I suppose only about twenty ven- The most venomous are those akin to our rattle-
omous ones.
somewhat
snakes but with no rattles. One of the most common is the
known
jararaca,
in Marti- nique as the fer-de- One of the biggest is called the
lance.
to develop enemies to the snakes them- selves. Such an enemy is this mus- surama which must be like our king snake — but larger. The king snake is a particularly pleasant snake; it is friendly toward mankind, not poisonous and can be handled freely. The scien- tists at the laboratory brought cut a big good-natured mussurama which I held between my arm and coat.» Then they brought out a fairly large fer- de-lance about nine inches shorter than the mussurama and warning me to keep away, put it on the table. Then they told me to put my snake where it could get at the fer-de-lance. I put down my snake on the table and it glided up toward the coiled fer-de- lance. My snake was perfectly free from excitement and I did not sup- pose it meant to do anything, that it was
bushmaster and at- tains a length of about ten feet. These snakes are
Courtesy of Charles Scribner's Sons
Boy with parakeet and young coati. Para- keets are attractive but noisy little birds flying to and fro in the tops of palms. Coatis in jungle trees look like reddish lanky raccoons and fight savagely with both teeth and claws
not hungry. It put its “nose” against the body of the fer-de-lance and moved toward the
very poisonous and
very dangerous. The mussurama is another South American snake, and it lives on poisonous snakes. It habitually kills and eats these dangerous reptiles, its most common prey being the jararaca. I saw the feat performed at a laboratory where poisonous snakes are being studied to secure antidotes to the poisons and
head. The fer-de- lance’s temper was aroused and it coiled and struck. The return blow was so quick that I could not see just what happened. The mussurama had the fer-de-lance by the lower jaw, the mouth wide open. The latter struck once again. After that it made no further effort to defend itself
in any way. The poisonous snake is a
°F SSOULIPLLM UDIDeDL ay? YOnowy J, S4fOAesooy ‘9TT ‘d Woa poyony — 1 MAIOM 0} YOIyM Ul pley [Nj1opuoM & eolIowmYy qINOg UI Way) 0} Uedo SARY ‘S[RUIMTVT SIq JO SoTOASTY-ajIT oy JO QUapNyS 914 ‘qsT/eInjeu TeuNRy ‘s1oopyno oy} pue ad44 siq) Jo JajuNy oes SIq ou, °~° “910Joq I9A9 UY} UOlzIsod queqysoduy s10ur ev YUSsSeId 4v saTdnv20 ‘{S]TRInjeu Play PoOos wv ‘1aAuesqo poos @ Sl OYM JoJUNY oWVs-sIq oq} ‘puey 1oy{0 949 UG ‘ad4j eB SB ivoddesip 0} Surpuey st soqoyng OUlRS-SIG aIOU OY, “IdUETOS IOJ onyeA [eIIdVd JO YIOM Op Ustt esoy, ‘adA} seaiyg pue snopog ‘*Sury[ryos oY} JO a18 OYAt ‘usiusz10ds Jo ‘siaguNY swWies-sIq Jo uOTaI0doad SUIMOIS B SI olay} SABPVMON,, ‘solivooed pur paedooy oqryM ‘satdeq qIIM odurp oj10g 4 uopuoy [exUO[OHD pure IJaAdsoOY [auOTOH
NOILIGAdX43 AHL 4O SAZIYd AWOS “an AQ 0704 7
Nine-banded armadillos in sandy pasture country.
Phote by Miller
They may cur] up for protection but also may
bound off at a run as swift as a rabbit’s — as surprising to the observer as to see a turtle gallop away
highly specialized creature and _ practi- cally helpless when once its peculiarly specialized traits are effectively nullified by an opponent. The mussurama killed the snake and devoured it by the simple process of crawling outside it. Many snakes will not eat if people interfere with them, but the mussurama had no prejudices in this respect. We wanted to take a photograph of it while eating, so I took both snakes up and had them photographed against a white cloth while the feast went on uninterruptedly.
Birds and mammals chiefly, however.
interested me I am only an amateur ornithologist but I saw a great deal there that would be of interest to any of us who care for birds. For instance there are two hundred and thirteen families of birds very plentiful there, either wholly unknown to us, or at least very few of them known.
The most conspicuous birds I saw were members of the family of tyrant fly- catchers, like our kingbird, great crested flycatcher and wood pewee. All are birds that perch and swoop for insects. One species, the bientevido, is a big bird like our kingbird, but fiercer and more powerful than any northern kingbird. One day I saw him catching fish and little tadpoles and also J found that he would sometimes catch small mice. Another kind of tyrant, the red-backed 44
tyrant, is a black bird with reddish on the middle of the back. We saw this species first out on the bare Patagonian plains. It runs fast over the ground exactly like our pippit or longspur.
Curved-bill wood-hewers, birds the size and somewhat the coloration of veeries, but with long, slender sickle- bills were common about the gardens and houses.
Most of the birds build large nests. The oven-birds build big, domed nests of Telegraph poles offer splendid opportunities for building nests. Some- times for miles every telegraph pole would have an oven-bird’s nest upon it. These birds come around the houses. They look a little bit like wood thrushes and are very interesting in that they have all kinds of individual ways. The ex- ceedingly beautiful honey creepers are like little clusters of jet.
mud.
They get so familiar that they come into the house and hop on the edge of the sugar bowl.
The people living on many of the ranches in Brazil make us rather ashamed for our own people. ‘The ranchmen pro- tect the birds and it is possible to see great jabiru storks nesting not fifty yards from the houses, and not shy.
Most of the birds in Brazil are not musical although some of them have very pretty whistles. The oven-bird has an attractive call. The bell-bird of the
gray hue (contrasted with the white bell- bird) has a ringing whistle which sounds from the topmost branches of the trees. The mammals were a great contrast to what I had seen in Africa. Africa is the country for great game. ‘There is nothing like that in South America. The animals in South America are of interest to the naturalist more than to the person who is traveling through the country and takes the ordinary layman’s Only two of the animals One of
point of view. found there are formidable.
these is the jaguar, the king of South American game, ranking on an equality with the noblest beasts of the chase of North America, second only to the huge and fierce creatures which stand at the head of the big game of Africa and Asia. The great spotted creatures are very beautiful. Like all cats they are easily killed with a pack of hounds, but they are very difficult to come upon other- wise. They will charge men and some- times become man-eaters.
Another big mammal of the Brazilian The white-lipped peccaries herd together in the dense jungles in packs of thirty or
forest is the white-lipped peccary.
forty or sometimes as many as two or three hundred. They are formidable creatures. The young ones may be no larger than a setter dog but they have tusks. They surge and charge together and I think that they may legitimately be called dangerous.
tremendous
Photo by Miller
Colonel Roosevelt in his hunting clothes ready for the day’s start.
“T kept continually wishing that they [the naturalists of the expedition] had more time in which to study the absorbingly interesting life-histories of the beautiful and wonderful beasts and birds we were
all the time seeing. Every first-rate museum must still employ competent collectors; but I think that a museum could now confer most lasting benefit, and could do work of most permanent good, by sending out into the immense wilderness, where wild nature is at her best, trained observers with the gift of recording what they have observed. Such menshould be collectors ...., but they should.... primarily be able themselves to see, and to set vividly before the eyes of others, the full life-histories of the creatures that dwell in the waste spaces of the world.’’ — Quoted from p. 161, Roosevelt’s Through the Brazilian Wilderness
45
Photo by Kermit Roosevelt Courtesy of Charles Scribner's Sons
Colonel Roosevelt’s first South American jaguar, brought down from a tree at seventy yards dis-
tance. muscular build of the lion. pounce on and devour large anacondas
On one oceasion Cherrie was hunting pec- caries and the peccaries treed him. He was up there four hours. He found those four hours a little monotonous, I judge. I never had any adventure with them myself.
ing grunts.
They make queer moan- We spent a couple of days in getting the specimens that we brought We had four dogs with us. The ranchmen had loaned them to us al- though I doubt whether they really wished to let us have them, for the big peccary is a murderous foe of dogs. One of them frankly refused to let his dogs come, explaining that the fierce wild swine were “very badly brought up”’ and that respectable dogs and men ought not to go near them. We might just as well not have taken any dogs, however. Two of them as soon as they
smelled the peccaries went home. The 46
back.
The jaguar is heavier and more powerful than the African leopard, having the stout frame and It feeds on capybara and cayman, on peccary and deer, and will even
third one made for a thicket about a hundred yards away and stayed there until he was sure which would come out ahead. The fourth advanced only when there was a man ahead of him. The dangerous little peccaries made fierce moaning grunts on their way through the jungle and rattled their tusks like castanets whenever we came up. Armadillos were unexpectedly inter- esting because they ran so fast. Once on a jaguar hunt we came upon two of the big nine-banded armadillos, which are called the “big armadillos.’’ The dogs raced at them. One of the arma- dillos got into the thick brush. The other ran for a hundred yards with the dogs close upon it, wheeled and came back like a bullet right through the pack. Its wedged-shaped snout and armored body made the dogs totally unable to
THE ROOSEVELT-RONDON SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION 47
seize or stop it. It came back right toward us and got into the thick brush and so escaped. Other species of arma- dillo do not run at all.
The anteaters, most extraordinary creatures of this latter-day world, are found only in South America. The anteater is about the size of a small black bear and has a long narrow tooth- less snout, a long bushy tail and very powerful claws on its fore feet. It walks on the sides of its fore feet with the claws curved in under the foot. These powerful claws make it a formida- ble enemy for the dogs. very slowly.
But it goes Anteaters were continu- ally out in the big open marshes where we got the two specimens that we sent to the Museum. They were always on muddy ground, and in the papyrus swamp we found them in several inches of water. I do not see how they con- tinue to exist In a country with jaguars and pumas. They are too slow to run away and they are very conspicuous and
make no effort to conceal themselves.
The great value of our trip will be shown only when full studies have been made of the twenty-five hundred and more specimens of birds and mammals brought back. We will be able to give for the first time an outline of the mam- malogy and ornithology of central Brazil.
Probably the most important feature of the trip was going down the Unknown River, because, of course, at this stage of geographical history it is a rare thing to be able to put on the map a new river, a river never explored, a river the length of the Rhine of which not a line is to be found on any map.
It was a journey well worth taking, a rough trip of course, but I shall always be more grateful than I can say to Professor Osborn and Dr. Chapman of the American Museum for having sent Mr. Cherrie and Mr. Miller with me, thus enabling me to take part in a zo6-
geographical reconnaissance of a part of the Brazilian wilderness.
\RAN BMS RAMAN a ie
Photo by Miller
> < 2 Oo <x oc <x oO ul ae ke fo) Zz e) a < uJ pa 10) Zz = = Zz <x (2) oc Lu = <x x= | aed 2 re) ip)
Colonel Roosevelt and Messrs. George K. Cherrie and L. E. Miller, the two representatives from
the American Museum.
[The photographs used in this article are by Mr. Miller]
THE ROOSEVELT-RONDON SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION
A REVIEW OF ITS MOVEMENTS IN SOUTH AMERICA IN 1913-14 AND OF SOME OF ITS ZOOLOGICAL ACHIEVEMENTS
By L. E. Miller
Mammalogist of the Expedition
HE plan of the expedition, fully de- cided upon after consultation with the Brazilian Government on arrival at Rio de Janeiro, took shape as
follows: to ascend the Paraguay to the high- est navigable point, cross the vast breadth of Matto Grosso on mule-back and descend the unexplored Rio da Diivida. It was decided also that the main purpose of the expedition should be an exploration of the Rio da Diivida with zodlogical collecting as we moved along or as opportunity presented itself.
The steamship ‘‘ Vandyck”’ remained at anchorage in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro two days, which gave us ample time to view the natural scenic wonders of the harbor, and the beautiful city. The greater part of one day was spent in the botanical gardens which with the avenues of stately royal palms and large collections of plants from all parts of the tropical world, doubtless surpass anything
of a similar nature found in South America. Here Colonel Roosevelt left the party, accom- panied by his son Kermit and Doctor Zahm; the remainder of the expedition consisting of Mr. George K. Cherrie, Mr. Jacob Sigg, Mr. Anthony Fiala and myself, resumed the voyage and reached Buenos Aires six days later (Oc- tober 27), twenty-three days after leaving New York. Wehad stopped a day at Santos, Brazil’s great coffee center, and another at
Montevideo, the capital of Uruguay. Although we had read and heard a great deal about the city of Buenos Aires, we were hardly prepared for the pleasant surprise that awaited us. The population of this metropolis of the south is in the neighborhood of two millions, and the city presents a clean, dignified appearance. There is no lack of modern edifices, including large hotels and splendid theatres; an electric subway was just being opened, and the zodlogical park 49
50 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
leaves few things to be desired. The climate also is cool and agreeable. One of the things which especially attracted our attention was the presence of great swarms of dragon- flies hovering above the streets, blown into the city by the violent winds or pamperos which sweep across the level plains country.
Mr. Cherrie and the writer were eager to devote every available moment to the zodlog- ical work, so leaving Messrs. Fiala and Sigg, whose duty it was to look after the handling of the large amount of impedimenta, we se- cured passage on the Argentine Northeastern Railroad, which had just inaugurated through service to Asuncion, Paraguay. We took only the small amount of equipment necessary for a few weeks’ work, as the two others were to come up with the remainder of our luggage via the first available freight boat. Our train was the second to make the through trip, and was scheduled to run biweekly. It was composed of seven Pullmans, two baggage cars and a dining car, and the service was good. Leaving Buenos Aires on the after- noon of Sunday, November 2, we reached Rosario at about dark. Here the train was run on to a steel boat and carried up river for about four hours, after which it continued the journey on the east bank of the Parana. The next night we recrossed the river on a ferry boat and were landed at Encarnacion, Paraguay. Asuncion was reached late in the afternoon of Tuesday.
The railway journey had been through level plains country, interspersed at long intervals with small clumps and strips of low woods; but it is essentially a grazing country, and we passed numerous herds of cattle con- tentedly grazing in the vast, fence-inclosed ranges. Stalking calmly among the herds were small bands of rheas, semi-domesticated, but they were not abundant. I doubt if we saw thirty during the entire trip. Caracaras,! glossy ibises, jacanas,” rails and spur-winged plovers were numerous along the line, and frequently we saw the domed mud-nests of the oven-bird perched upon fence-posts or lower branches of trees. Villages are few and far between, and the natives, a motley crowd of dark-skinned individuals, usually left their shambling, grass-thatched huts and came down en masse to see the train.
Asuncion is a quaint old town, plainly
1Caracara: a member of the hawk family. 2 Jacana: a bird that combines certain charac- teristics of both plover and rail.
showing the marks of violence that have been left by frequent revolutions. Mr. Ferris, the American Consul, who rendered us every courtesy possible during our stay in the city, had witnessed five revolutions during his five years’ residence in the capital; there had been seven presidents in the same period of time. The streets are narrow and paved with cobblestones; the buildings are of the usual adobe style, white-washed and with tile roofs. There are one or two banks, a college, several churches, a public market and a number of good hotels, as well as fair electric car and light service; there is also the inevitable lottery. There is practically no business activity. An air of depression hangs over the people like a pall, and this may readily be accounted for when one recalls the tragic history of their country. Many of the women were in deep mourning, and one authority estimated that the proportion of women to men in the country was eleven to one, but I cannot vouch for the accuracy of his statement.
After spending a few days at Asuncion, we were invited to the home of Professor Fiebrig, who lives at Trinidad, a short dis- tance away. Professor Fiebrig is a scientist of more than local note, an instructor in the University of Paraguay and curator of the Museum. Our first zodlogical work was done on his estate. All about were tracts of low forest of considerable size, patches of brush country, grassy fields and cultivated plots. Birds were very abundant, and as practically everything was new to us, our work was doubly interesting. We here formed our first intimate acquaintance with the peculiar white ani! (Guwira), large flocks of which were in the palm trees. The birds sat soberly on their perches, awkwardly jerked their tails from side to side and mewed dolefully. They seemed to be utterly out of place among the vivacious tanagers, creepers and finches, and to belong more properly to the fauna of some remote and unrecorded past. Mam- malian life was scarce, but considermg the short time available, a comparatively repre- sentative collection was made, including a series of a small rare wolf (Canis). We spent four days at Trinidad.
Through the courtesy of the President of the Republic, a launch was placed at our disposal, and on November 11 we started on
1 Member of a subfamily of the cuckoos.
THE ROOSEVELT-RONDON SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION ol
a short voyage up the Rio Pilecomayo into the Grand Chaco of Paraguay. We reached a small settlement called Porto Galileo that night, where we were the guests of the ‘‘Que- bracho”’ Company. A large mill had been erected for the extraction of tannin from logs brought in from the surrounding country, and a narrow-gauge railway was being con- structed in the interior, a distance of sixty kilometers, fifteen kilometers of which was already in operation. We proceeded to the
end of the line and pitched camp on the bank of a small stream, the Rio Negro, infested with piranhas.
Our camp was merely a rough shed built of sheets of corrugated iron supported on poles driven into the ground. The river water was salt and unfit for use, so each morning several large jugs of drinking water were sent us from Porto Galileo, together with a supply of fresh provisions. All about lay marshes, swamps and large grass-
The public market place in Asuncion, Paraguay.— Asuncion, which has been the scene of five
revolutions in as many years, shows plainly the marks of violence which it has suffered.
An air of de-
pression hangs over the city, business activity is at a standstill and women are seen everywhere in deep
mourning
Fort Coimbra on the Paraguay River.— Built on the rocky hillside near the dividing line between Brazil and Bolivia, it has figured in many of the conflicts between these two countries
52 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
covered areas, the latter type of country pre- dominating.
It is in the dark swamps that the precious quebracho trees grow. It was also from these same swamps that clouds of ravenous mos- quitoes issued with the first signs of failing daylight, and drove us to the refuge of our net-covered hammocks. There we sweltered through the long hours of the night, listening to the angry buzzing of our outwitted assail- ants, which was not unlike the sound pro-
duced by a swarm of enraged bees. I could distinguish a number of different pitches and qualities in the music, blending harmoniously in one general chorus. The varying size of the insects, which ranged from individuals nearly an inch long to the small, infection- bearing Anopheles, doubtless accounts for the different tones produced by the vibrations of the wings. Small brockets! were plentiful in
1 Brocket: a small South American deer having unbranched horns.
/
Through the courtesy of the Brazilian government, the steamer ‘‘ Nyoac’’ was turned over to the
expedition for its exclusive use. traveled wherever they wished
The men of the expedition lived on board for many weeks and
A portion of the expedition’s camp at Utiarity, a village occupied by Parecis Indians.
It is half
a mile away that the river dashes over a precipice two hundred and fifty feet high. This proved to be a profitable collecting place for small rodents, birds and a few larger mammals
THE ROOSEVELT-RONDON SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION 53
the swamp and came out into the fields to feed morning and night, and in the tall grass, cavies! abounded. Ocelots had worn well- defined paths through the fields in their nightly raids on the cavy community. In the trees we found black howlers, night monkeys and tayras?; on the ground, opos- sums and various small rodents held sway. When time permitted us to take a few moments’ recreation, we fished for piranhas * in the stream, the ravenous creatures throw- ing each other clear of the water in their frantic struggles to get at the meat, bait.
After a profitable week’s work on the Pil- comayo we returned to Asuncion, where we were joined by the two commissaries who had just arrived with the equipment. Two days later we boarded the comfortable little steamer ‘‘Asuncion”’ and sailed for Corumba. The four and a half days’ trip on the Paraguay was most interesting, although the heat was intense and insects at times were trouble- some. We had entered the great pantanal country, and the vast marshes teemed with bird life. As the ‘‘ Asuncion”’ plowed her way through the water, countless thousands of cormorants and anhingas‘ took wing; lining the pools and dotting the marshes were hordes of wood and scarlet ibises, together with herons and a sprinkling of spoonbills; egrets covered the small clump of trees as with a mantle of snowy white, and long lines of jabirus patrolled both shores. Scarcely a moment passed in which we did not see hundreds of birds. Many of the passengers were armed with rifles and revolvers, with which they kept up more or less of a fusillade on the feathered folk, but fortunately their aim was poor so that little injury was inflicted. The day before reaching Corumbd we passed an interesting old land-mark, the fort of Coimbra, built on a rocky hillside with a cluster of thatch-roofed huts nestling against the base. It is near the Bolivian border and in by-gone years figured prominently in several of the bloody controversies between the neighboring republics.
Corumb4 is a very hot, dusty town built
1Cavy: a rodent of South America allied to the guinea pig and capybara.
2Tayra: a South American mammal resem- bling the weasels and martins.
3 Piranha: the most ferocious small fish in the world, a deadly enemy of man, known as the can-
nibal fish. It is generally about twelve inches in length. 4 Anhinga: the American snake-bird.
on a high rocky elevation on the west bank of the Paraguay. The city bears the unenvi- able reputation of being the rendezvous for fugitives from justice from many climes, but we saw nothing of the lawlessness and disorder which was said to prevail, and the treatment we received was all that could be desired.
Having heard of a place called Uructim, but a short distance away, which seemed to offer unusual opportunities for collecting, Mr. Cherrie and the writer immediately moved to that place and established headquarters. Uructim proved to be a garden spot of clear, coll springs, shady groves, and plantations of tropical fruits and vegetables. Easy of access were fields, forested hillsides, marshes and lagoons in which dwelt an abundant and varied fauna. Swarms of bats of several spe- cies inhabited the mango trees as well as the culverts and manganese mines in the hillsides, and furnished an unfailing supply of mate- rial; squirrels, coatimondis,!| monkeys and marmosets lived in the trees; on the forest floor ranged agoutis,? deer and peccaries. Traps left overnight, caught wooly opossums (Metachirus), small rodents and giant black lizards that fought viciously when we sought to release them. One of the mammals added to the collection at Uructim was of unusual interest; it was the formidable guaraguasi, a yellow wolf which equals or exceeds in size the great gray wolf of our own north woods; it is an animal of solitary habits and is so rare that it is seldom met with. It was not previously represented in the American Mu- seum’s collection. From the hosts of birds, we secured pigmy owls, tinamous, thrushes, grebes, rails and ant birds that were out of the ordinary. We spent nearly three weeks at Uructim, and each day we added a number of species that were new to us. In the mean- time, Colonel Roosevelt and his Brazilian escort had reached Curumb4, and a hunting trip on the Rio Taquary had been planned to secure specimens of the large game that is found in that region.
December 16 found the hunting party aboard the ‘‘Nyoac” steaming up the Taquary. This boat had been placed at the disposal of the expedition by the Brazilian
1 Coatimondi: also costimundi and more popu- larly known as coati. An American carnivorous quadruped, most nearly related to the racoon, called also tejou.
2 Agouti: arodent about the size of the rabbit.
o+ THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
Government, and was our “home’’ during the weeks that followed, until we reached Porto Campo. Besides Colonel Roosevelt, there were on board, Colonel Candido Mari- ano da Silva Rondon, Mr. Kermit Roosevelt, Captain Amilcar de Magalhées, Mr. Reis the photographer, a physician, a taxidermist and myself. Mr. Cherrie remained at Uru- cim to finish the work in that locality, and the commissaries were detained in Corumba. We reached the landing at the Estate Palmi- ras just at dusk and spent the night aboard, preparing the skin of a giant anteater which had been shot by Colonel Roosevelt near the river. Early next morning the party was in the saddle, galloping across the grassy marshes. Here and there small clumps of trees and thorny bushes dotted the marshes, and these were teeming with birds of many species: parrots, parrakeets and macaws flashed by with raucous shrieks, and fly- catchers calmly surveyed the cavalcade from the uppermost branches. Occasionally we flushed a small flock of teals and, in the distance we saw ibises and jabirus standing in the long grass, like white specks in a sea of green. In spots the marshes were drying, the ground covered with fish; in the small pools an almost solid mass of fishes wriggled in the shallow water which had been churned into thin mud, and at the borders, numbers con- stantly leapt out; the ground wasstrewn with the dead and dying myriads of many species.
The ranch house or fazenda was reached at noon; it was an interesting place, the long, low rambling buildings forming a square with an open court in the center in which trees and flowers grew, and chickens and pigs roamed at will. All about lay marshes, papyrus swamps, fields and forests. Num- erous herds of half-wild cattle grazed on this vast range, and in the papyrus thickets, marsh deer were not uncommon. The main object of this excursion, was the lordly jaguar and a magnificent pair were taken by Colonel Roosevelt and his son after several all-day hunts. Another giant anteater, sev- eral deer and a capybara! were collected; also a splendid series of the rare and beautiful byacinthine macaw was added to our rapidly growing list of treasures.
Returning to Curumb4 on the evening of December 24, we were joined by the other members of the expedition and immediately
1Capybara: the largest existing rodent, re- sembling the guinea pig.
proceeded on the up-river voyage toward Sao Luis de Caceres. A short side trip was made up the Rio Sao Lourengo, with brief stops at various points where there were evidences of game; and numbers of birds, including screamers, penelopes,! parrots and various species of water-fowl were collected, also numbers of small rodents, monkeys, deer and pecearies. The jabiru storks were nesting on the Sao Lourengo, their great platform nests of sticks perched in the crotches of giant trees. The young storks, two in number and fully feathered, were continually exercising their limbs by running back and forth in the nest, flapping their wings all the while, preparatory to launching forth into the big world.
Caymans were particularly plentiful in the Upper Paraguay. Scores of the evil-looking creatures lay on the sand banks, with wide- open mouths and staring glassy eyes. A fringe of trees flanked the water through which we could see the boundless wastes of pantanals beyond; troops of black howling monkeys ambled leisurely away as the boat drew near, and a species of curious gray- throated parrakeet was building tremendous nests in the branches; occasionally in the same tree there were two or three nests each several feet in diameter, which the birds were entering and leaving like bees at a hive.
Sado Luis de Caceres was reached January 15, and at noon the next day the ‘‘ Nyoac”’ weighed anchor again and pointed her nose up-stream. That night we reached a small station known as Porto Campo, and as the river was too shallow to permit the steamer to ascend further, our effects were taken ashore and tents erected for a temporary camp. A few days’ hunt at this point re- sulted in an addition to the collection of tapirs and white-lipped peccaries shot by Colonel Roosevelt, besides a goodly amount of smaller material. The preservation of the larger specimens was somewhat of a problem as the time at our disposal was wholly inadequate, and there was practically no available native help. All the skinning and preparation was done by Kermit Roose- velt and the writer, although at times valu- able assistance was rendered by Mr. Sigg.
January 13 found the expedition aboard a launch (one boatload had preceded us) struggling against the swift current of the
1 Penelope: a small South and Central Ameri- can bird, a small curassow, related to the guan.
THE ROOSEV ELT-RONDON
Sepotuba. A heavy houseboat-full of provi- sions and luggage was towed alongside and we made slow progress. There is an end to all things of earth however, and the end of our river journey came on January 16. We had reached Tapirapoan, the furthest out- post on the frontier, and immediately prepa- rations were begun for our long dash across the chapadao of Matto Grosso.
Tapirapoan presented a scene of festive gaiety upon the arrival of the expedition at that point. The large, open square around which clustered the low mud-walled huts was decorated with lines of pennants, while the American and Brazilian flags fluttered from tall poles. Flag-raising and lowering was always an impressive ceremony; everybody lined up and stood at attention while the ban- ners were solemnly raised or lowered, as the case might be, to the strains of martial music.
A large number of horses, mules and oxen had been gathered from the surrounding country; the army of natives or camaradas who were to have charge of them and the impedimenta, had assembled, and the ware- rooms were filled with cases and bags of provisions and equipment. To organize properly a cavalcade of such large propor- tions required some little time, but within six days after our arrival order had been restored out of chaos and the first detachment of the expedition started. This included all of the Americans, and several Brazilians to whose number Lieutenants Jodo Lyra and Joaquin de Mello Filho had been added. Captain Amilear was to follow the next day with the remainder of the caravan. This division of the party was absolutely necessary as, on ac- count of the great quantity of men and ani- mals required, the expedition would have been unwieldly if it had attempted to move in one body.
The first day’s ride was a short one. Early in the morning the men started to load the pack animals, many of which were apparently fresh from the ranch and had never been broken to work of any kind, so there was a good deal of confusion at first. But gradu- ally the men became more adept at their work, the mules and oxen quieted down and little squads left the corrals, wound up the trail and disappeared in a cloud of dust. We did not follow until noon. Our mounts were good strong animals; we had both horses and mules, and comfortable saddles were also provided by the Brazilian Commission. A
SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION ay)
four hours’ canter through brush and forest- covered country brought us to the Sepotuba again, quite some distance above Tapira- poan, and we crossed the stream on a pontoon ferry made by laying a platform of boards across three dugout canoes. There were a number of new palm-leaf houses on the river- bank, so these were used for the night’s camp instead of erecting the tents.
Next day we were in the saddle by nine, riding through tall virgin forest with occa- sional stretches of sandy soil in which only low bushes grew. It was evident as we pene- trated farther into the interior that the forest zone was fast disappearing, to be replaced by the vast chapaddo.!. The heat was intense; there was no rain, and troublesome insects were lacking. At three o’clock in the after- noon we entered an old clearing. Formerly rice, plantains, mandioca? and corn had been cultivated here, but now the place was de- serted and overgrown with weeds. Kilo- meter 52, as the spot was called, had been an important camp of the telegraph commission while work was being prosecuted in that region, but had long since been abandoned.
On January 23, a 32-kilometer ride took us to the site of an old Indian village, known as Aldeia Queimada. We were adhering closely to the telegraph line, following the wide swathe that had been cleared to protect the wires from falling trees and branches, except when a short detour was desirable to find a better crossing for some small stream. The country was of a gently undulating char- acter, covered with wiry grass and a very sparse growth of stunted, gnarled trees. This vegetation is typical of the chapadao. With the exception of a few small deer and a num- ber of birds (woodhewers and jays) there were no evidences of animal life. A clear, cold spring rippled over a pebbly bottom near our night’s camp. It was the last stream we should see which discharged its water (via the Sepotuba) into the Rio de la Plata system.
Colonel Rondon had employed a number of motor trucks in constructing the telegraph line through this section of the country, sev- eral of which were still in serviceable condi- tion. It was therefore decided that a part of the luggage should be sent ahead on the cars as far as the trail permitted, and as there
1 Chapadao: high, nearly level upland covered with scanty scrubby forest.
2Mandioca: also called “‘manioc’’, sava-plant.
the cas-
56 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
would be a wait of several days while the re- mainder of the expedition caught up, Mr. Cherrie and I went along to devote to collect- ing the time thus gained. Doctor Zahm and Mr. Sigg accompanied us. We started two days beyond Aldeia Queimada, from a point called Rio Mandioca. There were three trucks, great well-built machines of German make [Saurer], laden to their fullest capacity
with the heaviest and most cumbersome pieces of the baggage. It wasa strange sight to see them racing across the uninhabited chapaddo, at a speed of thirty miles an hour, and frequently through blinding rain and deep mud. One of the cars had a full-blooded Indian mechanician who seemed to be fully initiated into the mysteries of handling an automobile, from gathering up branches and
Parecis Indians playing head-ball— The men show wonderful dexterity in striking with their heads
the hollow rubber sphere a foot in diameter which they manufacture for the game.
this game is played by no other tribe of Indians
So far as is known
Native Parecis Indians returning from the field.— These semi-civilized Indians raise large crops of mandioca, corn and sweet potatoes and make clothing, hammocks and various articles for ornamental
purposes
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THE ROOSEVELT-RONDON SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION a9
stones with which to fill up the roadway when the broad wheels mired deep in the loose sand, to repairing the engines on the rare occasions when such a procedure was necessary.
We reached the Rio Sacre, beyond which point the trucks could not proceed, on the evening of the 28th. The river is here broken by a fall one hundred and fifty feet high. As elsewhere in South America, we were constantly reminded of the appalling lack of animal life. During the entire three days required to reach the Rio Sacre we saw only a few rheas, a seriema ! or two, and a num- ber of deer.
On the morning of the 29th, we crossed the Sacre on a pon- toon ferry, and using a number of animals which had been held in readiness there, rode the two leagues to Utiarity, a village of the Parecis Indians; the Rio Papagaio, a clear, swift stream flows past the settlement, and half a mile away dashes over the brink of a precipice two hundred and fifty feet high.
The Parecis are a small tribe of semi-civilized Indians who live in substantial huts and cul- tivate large fields of mandioca, corn and sweet potatoes. Some of them wore clothes while many wore only a breech-cloth of their own weaving. They also make hammocks and vari- ous articles for ornamental pur- poses. The youths of the tribe engaged in a curious game of head-ball, using for the purpose a hollow rubber sphere a foot in diameter, which they them- selves manufacture. They chose sides and batted the ball back and forth across a line, with their heads. The hands were not used, and they dis- played remarkable dexterity and tireless energy at this form of amusement. One evening just before sundown, practi- cally all of the men joined in
1Seriema: a large, long-legged crested bird, probably related to the cranes.
a sacred dance. For this occasion they were clothed in gaudy red head-bands from which protruded the brilliant feathers of the great blue and yellow macaw; bead neck-chains and belts, and anklets made of bunches of curious dry seeds which kept up a continuous rattling sound as the dancers stamped in rhythm with the low, wailing music of reed
be Pe Ms
Type of Indian assistants or camaradas, who were employed by the expedition to take charge of the horses, mules and oxen and the impedimenta
60 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
flutes. They stopped frequently to drink chicha,! and at intervals they sang the names of their dead warriors and mighty hunters, and called upon them for guidance and assistance.
Utiarity proved to be a profitable collecting place. Many small rodents and a few larger mammals, including a soft-shelled armadillo collected by Colonel Roosevelt, were taken, besides a number of birds. We spent five days in the village (Colonel Roosevelt ar- rived three days after we did) at the end of which time Doctor Zahm accompanied by Mr. Sigg left the party and started back home. A short time later Mr. Fiala began his homeward trip down the Papagaio and Tapajos.
Utiarity had been the first telegraph station in operation along the new line; the second was on the banks of the Rio Juruena, approximately one hundred kilometers away, and it required five days to reach this point. We had been compelled to reduce the amount of our baggage very materially shortly after leaving the Parecis village, as many of the cargo animals had given out on the trail, and the others were weakening perceptibly. Most of the tents were abandoned, and all superfluous clothing was left behind. The equipment for collecting and _ preserving specimens, unfortunately had to be reduced also, on account of its weight, so that we retained only a few hundred cartridges and about a dozen traps with which to prosecute the natural history work. This reduction of the impedimenta was unavoidable and af- fected every member of the party either directly or indirectly. It was one of the sev- eral instances where individual interests had to be sacrificed for the good of the whole expedition.
At Juruena we made the acquaintance of a primitive tribe of Indians who probably represent the lowest type of civilization to be found anywhere on the South American continent. They are known as the Nhambi- quara. As we drew up on the river bank they gathered about and stared at the party curiously, but betrayed no hostile feelings. Colonel Rondon had but recently succeeded in establishing amicable relations with them. On his first visits to the country, numbers of his men had been slain by their poisoned
1Chicha: a fermented drink made from maize or cane sugar.
arrows, and they had resented his every step into their stronghold; but having been persistently treated with kindness, they have learned to look upon him as a friend, and some of them even appeared to be heartily glad to see him.
In stature the Nhambiquara is short, but well-built, and of a very dark brown color. Clothes are absolutely unknown to them, and practically the only ornaments in their possession are strings of beads which they had received from Colonel Rondon. Some of the men have the nose and upper lip pierced and wear pieces of slender bamboo in these perforations. Their huts or malo- cas are rude structures of grass or leaves, and they cultivate small areas of mandioca, but wild fruits, game and wild honey form the principal articles of their diet. Bows six feet tall and made of palm wood, and long bamboo arrows are used both in hunting and in warfare. Frequently hunting parties go on long tramps through the jungle, sub- sisting entirely on the fruits of their prowess. At night a rude lean-to is built of branches, the game is roasted in a roaring fire and eaten, and then they stretch themselves on the bare ground to sleep.
We remained a day at Juruena to rest and to develop films. The pictures taken by the various members of the party form one of the important records of the expedition, and great care has to be exercised in developing all exposed films promptly or they would be spoiled because of the hot, damp climate.
The country beyond the Juruena is some- what rolling, but there is no appreciable change in the vegetation. We rode twenty kilometers the first day, camping on the banks of the Rio do Fomiga (February 10). Next day we travelled but twelve kilometers, reaching the Jurina, a shallow though rapid stream six hundred feet wide; the crossing was slow and laborious as there was only a very small balsa or ferry. Camp was pitched a league beyond, on the banks of a small stream. Near by were several deserted thatched huts, and the comparatively new graves where three Brazilians, one an army officer, had been buried. They had been slain by the Nhambiquara and buried in an upright position with the head and shoulders protruding above the ground. The following night, on the Rio Primavera we saw two other graves. The two men who had been interred here were slain while asleep in their
THE ROOSEVELT-RONDON SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION 61
hammocks. This was the most dangerous part of the whole Nhambiquara country.
Campos Novos was reached February 16. Formerly the third telegraph station was located here, but it now stands on the Rio Nhambiquara, a league away. We were on the border of the great Cerro de Norte, a vast tract of country comprised of high, broken plateaus or mesas covered with luxuriant grass. Many small streams flowed through deep gorges, and near some of the water- courses, tall dense forest grew. ‘The soil is fertile and would produce crops of corn and rice; cattle in great numbers could be reared on the extensive mesas, and the climate is cooland healthful. There are few portions of South America so well suited for colonization by Euro- peans, but on account of the remote location and the lack of means of com- munication, it will be several decades before this vast and fruitful region will become inhabited.
After leaving the Cerro de Norte, February 23, we again entered chapaddao country; but the wiry grass and stunted trees were gradually being su- perceded by forest. Occa- sionally all other vegeta- tion gave way to large areas of wild pineapples. There were many square miles of them, bearing fruit which was small but of delicious flavor.
We added few speci- mens to the collections after leaving Utiarity. Animal life was not abundant, and the rapid pace at which the expedition was compelled to move left no time for collecting. At José Bonofacio, which was reached February 23, an interest- ing rodent, somewhat resembling a gopher, was taken. In order to secure the single example it required a half day’s time and the assistance of five Nhambiquara. A reward of bunches of coral beads had been offered
the Indians if the animal was secured, so they immediately began work with sharpened sticks and with their hands. By noon they had excavated ten cubic yards of earth and won the prize. The expedition had gone on ahead but was overtaken in the evening.
At a camp named Siete de Setembre the two divisions of the expedition were reunited. Captain Amilear and his party had arrived a
Parecis babies at Utiarity
day or two before, and a halt was made to di- vide the equipment and provisions between what were to be the Duvida and Gy Parana parties. The Rio da Divida was only ten kilo- meters away, and on February 27 we stood on the bridge that spans the river and watched Colonel Roosevelt and his party in seven canoes disappear down the stream. Colonel Roosevelt was accompanied by his son Ker- mit, Colonel Rondon, Lieutenant Lyra, Mr.
62 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
Cherrie and Doctor Cajazeira, and fifteen native assistants.
The Gy Parand party was composed of Captain Amilear, Lieutenant Mello, a geol- ogist, a taxidermist and myself, besides a number of natives. We traveled three days longer to reach the Commemoracao. The spot was called Barao de Melgaco, and marked practically the end of the telegraph
line. The trip from Tapirapoan to the Com- memoracao had required exactly forty days; the distance is approximately five hundred and forty-eight miles. Many of the pack animals were in such poor condition that they had to be shot. It is impossible to say how many had been lost on the way, but the num- ber was very large.
Barao de Melgacgo seemed to be the head- quarters of annoying insects and disease. Most of the handful of men at work on the telegraph line were ill with fever and
beriberi, and there had been twelve deaths just before
our arrival.
We had expected to find canoes await- ing us, but as there were none, the men cut down a tree of ample size and began making one. ‘This work, we estimated, would require a month; but after a wait of two weeks a large canoe arrived from down river.
The time at Barao de Melgago was profitably if not pleasantly spent. All about the little clear- ing rose the stately Amazonian forest, providing admirable collecting grounds. Many birds’ and mammals were ta- ken, all new to the collection. The lat- ter included an un- described spider mon- key and a saki! of a new genus.
We started down the Commemoracao
1 Saki: a South Amer- ican monkey with a bushy tail and a ruff of long hair around the face.
Photo by Cherrie Nhambiquara women and children with baskets of vegetables from the field
THE ROOSEVELT-RONDON SCIENTIFIC EXPEDITION 63
March 13, and traveling rapidly with the current reached the Pimiento Bueno, eighty kilometers below, that night. The junction of the two rivers forms the Gy Parand.
The Gy Paranda at its very beginning is a mighty river, a thousand yards wide, and day by day as we raced with its swirling tor- rent we watched its rapid growth until near the mouth it reached a breadth of at least two miles. The country on both banks is heavily forested, and along the upper course is inhabited by a tribe of Indians which had been absolutely unknown. We were the first white men to see them, and they had never seen white men before. In appearance they differed greatly from their neighbors, the Nhambiquara. We met seven, all men, and finally induced them to accept gifts of beads and knives, in return for which they gave us wonderfully decorated arrows six feet tall.
The Gy Parandi abounds in formidable rapids, like many South American rivers, and we had numerous overland portages, the long- est being about three miles, around the falls of
Sao Vicente. Insects are abundant, and the whole region is a vast breeding ground for malaria. A number of rubber camps are sit- uated on the lower river, the forests being rich in hevea. We reached Manaos April 10, having stopped at Calama, a station on the Madeira, for a short period of collecting.
As the Ditvida party had not arrived, I almost immediately left for the Rio Solimoes where several weeks were spent to advantage adding to the collections. Among the large number of specimens collected were agoutis, woolly monkeys, squirrel monkeys, sloths, many small rodents and squirrels, all new to us; and the complete material for a group of hoatzins or lizard-birds was also collected. The collections now numbered about fifteen hundred birds and about four hundred and fifteen mammals, practically all of species unknown to us, and some of which are no doubt new to science.
Colonel Roosevelt’s party reached Manaos the last day of April, but the story of their experiences on the unexplored river is too well known to warrant review.
Loading canoes for the start down the Rio da Davida
ROOSEVELT’S ‘‘THROUGH THE BRAZILIAN WILDERNESS”!
By J. A. Allen
N a volume of four hundred pages, with numerous half-tone illustra- tions, Colonel Roosevelt has given
a charming narrative of his eventful expedition through a little known part of the Brazilian hinterland. The main journey of exploration was up the Paraguay River to its source, across the low divide to the head of the Gy-Parané, and down the unexplored “River of Doubt” (Rio da Ditivida), now the charted Rio Téodoro,? as since named by the Brazilian Government, in honor of the eminent American field naturalist, its first explorer.
The trip had been for a considerable time in contemplation, but the initiative steps were only taken early in June, 1913, following a luncheon at the Ameri- can Museum at which both Father Zahm, one of Roosevelt’s companions on the expedition, and Colonel Roosevelt were guests. As told by the author in his first chapter, entitled “The Start,” Curator Chapman of the Museum sug- gested the codperation of the Museum, and brought the matter to the attention of President Osborn, who cordially ap- proved the plan. As a result, Colonel Roosevelt offered to take two natura-
1 THROUGH THE BRAZILIAN WILDERNESS. By Theodore Roosevelt. With illustrations from photographs by Kermit Roosevelt and other members of the Expedition. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons. 1914. S8vo., pp. xiv+ 383, 49 full-page half-tone plates and 2 maps.
2 Besides this general review and consideration from the zodlogical standpoint by Dr. Allen, the JOURNAL will print in the March issue a review by Dr. W. L. G. Joerg of the American Geographi- cal Society. Dr. Joerg will review Through the Brazilian Wilderness from the standpoint of the
geographical work accomplished by the Roosevelt expedition. — Ture Epiror.
64
lists, to be selected by the Museum, as members of the expedition. Fortunately the Museum was able to secure George Kk. Cherrie, widely known as a field naturalist and explorer in the American tropics, as one of its representatives, and for the other Leo E. Miller, who was already in the employ of the Museum in South America, and had shown unusual efficiency as a collector and field natur- alist through several years of difficult The two men proved to be most congenial companions for the head of the expedition, resulting in har- monious and enthusiastic team work.
For some months in advance of the journey down the Diivida, Cherrie and Miller were making good use of their time, collecting birds and mammals for the Museum on the upper Paraguay River, Colonel Roosevelt was engaged with his lecture tour to the principal cities of southern South Amer- ica. Later Cherrie accompanied him down the Rio Madeira, Miller again joining the main party at Manaos. The success of the natural history work is already a matter of record in the AMERICAN MusEuM JOURNAL.
The narrative, Through the Brazilian Wilderness, is a book of unusual interest for the lay reader and one of rare charm for the naturalist and explorer. The pages teem with information about the country, its natural history, its economic resources and its human inhabitants, whether wild unclad Indians or Euro-. pean colonists, written with the inspira- tion that only the fresh impressions of daily events and experiences, jotted
service.
while
ROOSEVELT’S “ THROUGH THE BRAZILIAN WILDERNESS” 65
down in the field, can impart. Add to this the personality of the writer, his wide interests, exceptionally varied ex- periences and the knowledge of an expert in many lines of natural history research, and the elements are happily all present for the production of a book of just the kind the author has given us. The excellent illustrations with which it abounds add greatly to its value, graphi- cally reproducing scenes and animals mentioned in the text.
The journey down the River of Doubt
tory collector, and no museum in Amer- ica possessed specimens of the birds and mammals of the country visited. The five hundred mammals and two thousand five hundred birds obtained, thus add enviable riches to the resources of the Museum. They prove not only to con- tain a considerable number of species new to science, particularly among the mammals, but also all are new to the American Museum as well as to the avail- able material for research in America. The species that are not new are of quite
Capybaras of Brazil are pig-like rodents, as large as small sheep, which swim and dive with great
facility, often hiding under the water lilies of the pond with only the nostrils at the surface. If the expedition shot a capybara and it fell into the water, it
their greatest enemy is the jaguar.
Perhaps
was devoured in a very few moments by piranhas, the cannibal fishes
proved one of great danger and much hardship, and only the fitness of the party for difficult undertakings saved the expedition from complete disaster. All this is simply told, such experiences being accepted as part of the day’s work in the exploration of unknown wilds. The physiographic and natural his- tory observations so well set forth in the narrative are immensely supplemented by the large collections secured and safely transported to New York. Only small portions of the country traversed had ever been visited by a natural his-
as much importance as those that are so, since they throw new light upon the faunal characteristics of an almost un- known country, and upon the geographic ranges of species previously known only from elsewhere. The field notes of the collectors, Cherrie and Miller, are per- haps almost as valuable an asset to science as are the specimens to which they relate. We may therefore well congratulate Colonel Roosevelt on the outcome of his expedition from all points of view, and the American Museum for its modest share in the undertaking.
99
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AYVLAIG S.YAIGTOS NVOIYANV SHL
GUARDING THE HEALTH OF ARMIES
FOOD ALLOWED THE SOLDIER IN THE WORLD’S VARIOUS ARMIES — PROTECTION OF THE SOLDIER FROM DISEASE
By C.-E. A. Winslow
pean war it is at least satisfactory
to realize that the sufferings of the battle-field are not aggravated by the concomitant horrors of pestilence, to the extent which has been the case in earlier wars.
In many ways the present European conflict presents sanitary problems of unusual difficulty. In permanent for- tresses health conditions may (except under conditions of prolonged siege) be guarded against pestilence with com- parative ease. On the other hand, field armies operating in the open and
| N the midst of the shock of the Euro-
fighting only occasionally as in earlier campaigns enjoy many sanitary advan- tages. Almost incessant daily warfare between troops established in hastily constructed trenches where such funda- mentals of sanitation as good drainage are almost out of the question, makes the protection of the health of the sol- diers a task of stupendous difficulty. The seed which might bear fruit in devastating epidemics was not lacking last year. Just before war was declared cholera had been prevalent in certain provinces of southwestern Russia just in the path of the armies which invaded
Comparative dietary allowance in various armies. soldier’s dietary of various nations. of the Museum
‘Energy allowance in calories allowed in the
From the military hygiene exhibit in the hall of public health
67
68 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
Austrian Galicia, and this disease did spread to a considerable extent last fall among both armies and in the civil population of the war zone.
No epidemic of large proportions resulted however, and although we do not know what the next year may bring forth, we have good ground to believe that the old-time wholesale pestilence
will be effectively prevented by the BEFORE THE DAYS OF SANITATION
CRIMEAN WAR 1853-1856 1,460,500 TROOPS (ALL ARMIES)
118,342 from J BULLETS AND WOUNDS Ute, SUISSE
491,455 FROM SICKNESS
application of the art of modern sanita- tion. In view of the wide public interest in all that concerns the World war a special exhibit has been installed in the hall of public health of the American Museum of Natural History to show by what methods the modern army in the field is protected against the ravages of disease.
In the Crimean war of 1853, 23 per
IN MODERN TIMES
RUSSO-JAPANESE WAR 1904-1905 1,200,000 TROOPS (JAPANESE ARMY)
58, 887 FROM BULLETS AND WOU INDS
Yj, Yj MN pip ih ty
27, 000 FROM DISEASE
RELATIVE DEADLINESS ,OF BULLETS AND DISEASE
A striking diagram from the military hygiene exhibit in the Museum's hall of public health
GUARDING THE HEALTH OF ARMIES 69
cent of the British soldiers died of disease, the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71, 14 per cent of the French soldiers perished in the same way. The German forces in the Franco- Prussian war, the English army in the Boer war and the Japanese who fought Russia in 1906 lost in each case about 24 per cent of their men from disease, a splendid record compared to that of earlier wars, but still one that represents a fearful waste of human life. In the Boer war the English lost over 14,000 men from disease and less than 8,000 from wounds.
and in
In our own Spanish- American campaign, typhoid fever alone cost more than fourteen lives for every thousand soldiers, and bullets only two for every thousand.
The chief diseases of the camp are those which, like typhoid fever, are caused by sewage pollution of water and food supplies. In the Spanish war the typhoid fever, which affected one out of every five of our volunteer soldiers, was
4 ¥ é |
mainly due to careless exposure of excreta and the spread of the germs to food by flies. In a modern military camp the excreta are received in a trench away from the water supply, the kitchen and food stores, and are immediately covered with earth to prevent access of flies.
The water supply of the army is safe- guarded with the greatest care. When the troops are in the field all water for their use is purified either by heat, filtration or chemical disinfectants, and the most stringent regulations forbid drinking from roadside wells and streams. The Japanese use a field filter in which the water is strained and at the same time disinfected by chemicals. In the French army the water supply of the troops is sterilized by the use of ultra- violet light.
The most common procedure for purifying water in the field is perhaps sterilization by heat, or distillation. The Forbes sterilizer (on this principle)
Model of the Forbes water sterilizer used in the United States Army for the purification of the water supply of troops in the field. From the military hygiene exhibit in the hall of public health
70 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
was officially adopted by the U.S. Army after competitive tests conducted by a special board in 1898. In this ingenious apparatus the water is distilled in a closed chamber so that it is not deprived of its natural gases and the outgoing water warms the incoming water and is cooled by it (on the regenerative prin- ciple) so that economy of fuel is ensured. Such an apparatus, including boiler, pumps, filter, and tanks, is mounted on an army wagon and
sterilizer storage
carried everywhere along with the troops.
potatoes, 20 oz.; prunes or preserves, 1.28 oz.; coffee, 1.12 oz., sugar, 3.2 02.; evaporated milk, 5 oz.; vinegar, .16 gills; salt, .64 0z.; pepper (black), .04 oz.; lard .64 oz.; butter, .50z. Of this ration, just a portion is carried individu- ally by the soldier, the rest, such as butter, lard, pepper and syrup are given in bulk to the companies and then dis- tributed to the men at meal time.
When communicable diseases do break out, the medical officer is provided by the advances in bacteriology with
Red Cross Field Hospital Model on exhibition in the military hygiene exhibit of the hall of public health, American Museum of Natural History
The strength and efficiency of the sol- dier isconserved and hisresistance against disease is built up by a carefully selected and scientific dietary designed to furnish the necessary energy in the most compact and convenient form. The energy allow- ance varies in different armies — the Rus- sian and the American receiving a larger and the Austrian than the French, English or German
a smaller allowance
soldier.
The average daily field ration of the United States Army is made up as bacon, 12 oz., or fresh meat, bread, 18 02z.;
follows:
20 oz.; beans, 2.4 oz.;
prompt and effective means of diagnosis by which the infected individuals may be promptly picked out and _ isolated so as not to endanger their fellows. Against smallpox and typhoid fever the modern soldier may enjoy practically complete protection, thanks to smallpox and typhoid fever vaccination. The perfection of the vaccine for. typhoid fever is the most recent and perhaps the most important of all advances in mili- tary hygiene, and the terrible typhoid death rate of the Boer war and the Spanish war will never again occur where this preventive has been used.
GUARDING THE HEALTH OF ARMIES 71
The death rate from typhoid fever in the United States Army per 1000 mean strength was 3.20 in 1908 with no vac- cination, 3.58 in 1909, 2.43 in 1910, 85 in 1911 with voluntary vaccination, and those rates dropped to .31 in 1912 and .03 in 1913 when compulsory vacci- nation was introduced. The reservists in certain European armies were not protected against typhoid fever at the opening of the European war, but the difference in the incidence of disease among them and the vaccinated regu- lars soon taught the lesson that this precaution could not be neglected.
In connection with the after effects of the wounds received in battle the resources of modern bacteriology have also been drawn upon extensively. Each soldier is of course provided with a first aid kit for the treatment of wounds; and the splendid organization of the International Red Cross is_ of course on hand to provide prompt and efficient hospital care; but there has been in the present European war a terrible loss of life from tetanus, or The tetanus bacillus is abun-
minor
lockjaw.
dant in the soil of manured land, and wounds have become infected with this germ on a far larger scale than was the case in such wars as that in South Africa Antitoxin, if
fought over virgin soil.
administered early, will generally pre- vent fatal results from this disease and laboratories in the United States are working night and day to provide this specific for the European combatants. Modern sanitation has produced even more striking effects in military than in civil life, because its teachings have there been more consistently applied. The result has been that many diseases once very terrible have become of minor importance in armies; and as the table shows, measles and mumps are to-day more common causes of invalidism for the United States soldier than either ty- phoid fever, tuberculosis or diphtheria.
RELATIVE ImpoRTANCE OF CAUSES OF SICK- NESS IN THE UNITED STaTES ARMY [IN RATES PER 1000 MEAN STRANGTH]
1904-1906 1907-1909 | 1910-1912
Venereal 193. 196. 166.
Malaria 85.3 493 | “31.4 Diarrhea 80.0 45.4 33.0 Bronchitis 50.7 38.5 a2 Influenza 29.6 Beco.) | PRO Alcoholism Pall 29.3 | 22.9 Mumps 19.3 Geb a ee Dysentery 17.9 9/3 4! 4.5 Rheumatism 17.5 1473) Ve eLOZO Dengue 14.8 19.9 ees Measles Sl 11.4 9.9 Typhoid 4.8 3.9 ies Tuberculosis 4.7 4.5 Bolt Diphtheria 4 6 8
Models from the Museum’s hall of public health showing the relative effects of bullets [above] and typhoid [below]: one wounded and none dead of a company of soldiers in 1908; thirteen sick and one
dead, victims of typhoid, from a company in 1898
SL SOVL HVIN SNIVId 3DVS JHL WOH SNIVLNNOW OLSIHYS 30 AYONVS
wapurdg fq o,0Yd
HOME SONGS OF THE TEWA INDIANS
By Herbert J. Spinden
HE songs of the Tewa Indians ap may be divided into two broad groups, the first religious, the second familiar. The songs that are primarily religious are the ones used in the great ceremonies and dances and those that refer to warfare and the chase. All songs which are supposed to be en- dowed with magical power are called “Pina” or “Magic Songs.” Such songs in the ceremonies are supposed to induce the gods to bring rain and fruits or whatever else is required. War songs bring confusion to the enemy. Hunting songs, sung either by the hunter him- self or by a female relative who remains at home, are supposed by merely men- tioning the lion and the bear to transfer the hunting abilities of these animals to the hunter, while naming the deer is suffi- cient to deliver game into the hands of the hunter. The songs that occur in the myths nearly always have a deep reli- gious significance. There are also witch songs which have power to do evil unless they are warded off. Familiar songs include lullabys, avo-
cation songs, love songs and homesick songs — songs which are intimately con- nected with life and which reflect the everyday philosophy of the people. I will not discuss the question of their music, largely because this phase of Pueblo life has already been treated by persons much more competent to handle it than I. What I wish particularly to call attention to is the word content, the sentiment and the poetic construction of the songs.
Here are two songs in the original text and in translation. The first is a little song which might be called the “Home Sweet Home” of the Tewa:
Navi Awi niwi, Aawi naiwa
Navi dwi nawa ndi o” sha
O’i® pi? ndo mu’iri ké" na nandi Na re sité 4 hi yo he’e wa
A hi yo he’e wi, 4 hi yo he’e wa Navi Awi niwa ndi o” sha.
My home over there, my home over there, My home over there, now:I remember it! And when I see that mountain far away Why, then I weep. Alas! what can I do? What canI do? Alas! what can I do?
My home over there, now I remember it. 73
74 THE AMERICAN MUSEUM JOURNAL
Whether it is the result of accident or intent, this appealing lyric has an almost perfect poetical construction. The re- peated phrases which are used so skill- fully here, are found in almost all ex- amples of Pueblo songs. The sentiment is simple, direct and fundamentally human; yet as we all know, such simple emotions are often hardest to express.
In translating this song and the others that follow, I have taken no liberties with the text. not unlike English in the general order
Tewa sentence construction is
of words and in no case have I found it necessary to shift the order of a phrase. The ordinary prose seems to have many more connectives than does the poetry, which is characterized by condensation and by more or less conventionalized phrasing. Aside from following the text accurately in the matter of the meanings of words, I have endeavored to give some- thing of the atmosphere of the language which is peculiarly rich in exclamations. Words with such emotional connotation as “How I wish it were otherwise!” or
s!” occur frequently.
“What can I do, alas!
The second song is supposed to have been originally sung by a boy from Tesuque Pueblo, at the trysting place to which the girl no longer came.
Su k’wa k’e we na povi tsha nde I" povi i" povi ndo mu iri Ka"! na na ndi na re siti
I" povi i" povi ndo mu iri
Ts’e oki t’agi na povi tsha
At Su k’wa k’e there used to bloom a flower —
That flower, that flower, whene’er I see it now
Alas, so far away, why then I weep;
That flower, that flower, whene’er I see it now,
For yellow, fresh and full-blown once it bloomed.
This little song is interesting as a sus- tained metaphor. It may be noted in passing that Tewa children are usually given a name in accordance with the time of the year they are born. Flower
hames are very frequently given to girls so the age-worn comparison of the girl and the flower fits in nicely with local usage.